Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions†
Open accessAbstract
The survey focuses on recent aspects of photochemical reactions to cellular DNA that are implicated through the predominant formation of mostly bipyrimidine photoproducts in deleterious effects of human exposure to sunlight. Recent developments in analytical methods have allowed accurate and quantitative measurements of the main DNA photoproducts in cells and human skin. Highly mutagenic CC and CT bipyrimidine photoproducts, including cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and pyrimidine (6‐4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6‐4PPs) are generated in low yields with respect to TT and TC photoproducts. Another striking finding deals with the formation of Dewar valence isomers, the third class of bipyrimidine photoproducts that is accounted for by UVA‐mediated isomerization of initially UVB generated 6‐4PPs. Cyclobutadithymine (T<>T) has been unambiguously shown to be involved in the genotoxicity of UVA radiation. Thus, T<>T is formed in UVA‐irradiated cellular DNA according to a direct excitation mechanism with a higher efficiency than oxidatively generated DNA damage that arises mostly through the Type II photosensitization mechanism. C<>C and C<>T are repaired at rates intermediate between those of T<>T and 6‐4TT. Evidence has been also provided for the occurrence of photosensitized reactions mediated by exogenous agents that act either in an independent way or through photodynamic effects.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 246 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Premisecitation
DNA is the main critical cellular macromolecule for determining the carcinogenic effects of solar radiation.
“It is now well documented that DNA is the main critical cellular macromolecule for determining the carcinogenic effects of solar radiation (7)(8)(9).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Overall cumulative dose predicts induction of squamous cell carcinoma and lip cancers.
“Overall cumulated dose is a good predictor of induction of squamous cell carcinoma and lip cancers (1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma incidence is mostly related to intermittent solar exposure during childhood and adolescence.
“In contrast, basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma incidence appears to be mostly related to intermittent exposure to solar light during childhood and adolescence (1), although the situation for melanoma appears to be more complex (2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Occupational and recreational exposure to solar UVB and UVA is a major environmental risk factor for skin cancer development.
“Occupational and recreational exposure of humans to UVB and UVA radiations present in sunlight represents a major environmental risk factor for the development of skin cancers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
A second thymine dimeric photoproduct isolated from UVC-irradiated TpT was identified as a pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproduct.
“Another early relevant finding dealt with the isolation of a second thymine dimeric photoproduct in UVC-irradiated thymidylyl-(3¢-5¢)-thymidine (TpT) (25) that has been identified as a pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproduct (6-4PP) (26,27).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
- Premisecitation
UVB induces C to T transitions and CC to TT mutations at bipyrimidine sites in p53 genes of skin tumors.
“with the observation of UVB-induced C fi T transition and CC fi TT mutations at bipyrimidine sites in p53 genes of skin tumors (8,15).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Cyclobutadithymine is the predominant DNA photoproduct induced in cellular DNA by UVB and solar irradiation.
“T< >T has been shown later to be the predominant DNA photoproduct induced in cellular DNA upon UVB and solar irradiation (22).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
UVB-induced DNA damage is dominated by bipyrimidine photoproducts.
“DNA damage induced by UVB radiation is dominated by bipyrimidine photoproducts (22).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
UVB exposure of cellular DNA induces 8-oxodGuo in a yield two to three orders of magnitude lower than CPDs or 6-4PPs.
“The formation of oxidation products, more specifically 8-oxodGuo, is also induced in cellular DNA upon exposure to UVB radiation however in a low yield that is 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than that of either CPDs or 6-4PPs (32).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [32] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisereasoning
Dewar valence isomer formation results from the pyrimidone moiety of 6-4PPs absorbing photons most efficiently around 320 nm.
“The formation of these photoproducts results from the presence of a pyrimidone moiety in 6-4PPs that may absorb photons with a maximal efficiency around 320 nm.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning
Exposure to simulated sunlight or sequential UVB and UVA causes photoisomerization of a large fraction of 6-4PPs into Dewar valence isomers.
“As a result, exposure of ds DNA and cells to either simulated sunlight (SSL), a combination of UVA and UVB, or sequential exposure to UVB and UVA leads to the photoisomerization of a large fraction of 6-4PPs into DEWs (54-56).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Deamination is much more efficient when the C5-C6 double bond is saturated, as in CPDs and the 5'-end bases of 6-4PPs and DEWs.
“In contrast, the reaction is much more efficient when the C5-C6 double bond is saturated as is the case in CPDs and for the 5¢-end bases of 6-4PPs and DEWs (57).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [57] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
6-4PPs undergo photoinduced conversion into Dewar valence isomers.
“A first example is given by the photoinduced conversion of 6-4PPs into a third class of dimeric photoproducts (Fig. 1) known as the DEWs (50).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [50] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Biologically relevant CPDs involve adjacent bases.
“Although interstrand photoproducts can be obtained under very specific conditions within isolated DNA (46), the biologically relevant CPDs involve adjacent bases.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [46] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In double-stranded DNA, 6-4PP rearrangement to Dewar valence isomers can be triggered by UVB, but only with low efficiency requiring biologically irrelevant high doses.
“The 6-4PP rearrangement to Dewar valence isomers in ds DNA can be triggered by UVB radiation with however a low efficiency that requires exposure to biologically irrelevant high doses (53).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [53] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In cells, deamination efficiency can be modulated by RNA polymerase stalling at CPD sites during transcription.
“Recently, it was shown that the efficiency of the reaction can be modulated in cells by processes such as stalling of RNA polymerase at CPD sites during transcription (58).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [58] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
The four main CPDs corresponding to TT, CT, TC and CC bipyrimidine sequences have been isolated in naked and cellular DNA.
“The four main possible CPDs that correspond to the TT, CT, TC and CC bipyrimidine sequences have been isolated in both naked and cellular DNA.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning
The CPD generated in native B-form DNA exclusively exhibits cis-syn stereochemistry.
“Therefore, the CPD that is exclusively generated exhibits a cis-syn stereochemistry.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Transfection of cells and mice with photolyases that remove CPDs or 6-4PPs indicated that CPDs are responsible for the vast majority of UV-induced mutagenic events.
“However, it may be mentioned that transfection of cells and mice with photolyases that specifically remove either CPDs or 6-4PPs indicated that the former types of lesions are responsible for the vast majority of mutagenic events induced by UV irradiation (47,48).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
The four CPDs are repaired at different rates, with increasing efficiency in the order T<>T < T<>C < C<>C < C<>T.
“HPLC-ESI-MS ⁄ MS measurement also revealed that the four CPDs were not repaired with the same rate, being enzymatically removed in the following increasing order of efficiency: T< >T < T<>C < C<>C C<>T (49).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [49] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
CPDs arise from a [2+2] cycloaddition between the C5-C6 double bonds of two pyrimidines.
“The first class consists of the well-known CPDs that arise from a [2+2] cycloaddition reaction between the C5-C6 double bonds of two pyrimidines.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning
A hydrolytic deamination process converts 5,6-dihydrocytosine moieties into 5,6-dihydrouracil residues.
“A second major reaction that concerns the three types of bipyrimidine dimers is a hydrolytic process that converts 5,6dihydrocytosine moieties into 5,6-dihydrouracil residues.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
CPD formation occurs within a few picoseconds in single-stranded DNA.
“This reaction takes place in a few picoseconds as shown by recent time-resolved measurement in single-stranded DNA (45).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [45] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
6-4PPs are produced by a [2+2] cycloaddition between the C5-C6 double bond of the 5'-end base and the C4 carbonyl group of a 3'-end thymine.
“6-4PPs are produced by a [2+2] cycloaddition between the C5-C6 double bond of the 5¢-end base and the C4 carbonyl group of a 3¢-end thymine, the so-called Paterno`-Bu¨chi reaction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
A similar CPD distribution is observed upon exposure to simulated sunlight containing at most 5% UVB in UVA.
“A similar CPD distribution was observed upon exposure to SSL that consists at the most 5% UVB in UVA (54).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [54] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
The corresponding 6-4PPs at CT and CC sites were detected only in small amounts in isolated DNA exposed to rather large UVB doses.
“The corresponding 6-4PPs were detected only in small amounts in isolated DNA exposed to rather large doses of UVB.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
UVB irradiation of mammalian cells and human skin induces T<>T as the most frequent photoproduct.
“For example, HPLC-ESI-MS ⁄ MS analysis showed that UVB irradiation of mammalian cells (53,54,56,60) and human skin (61) induces T<>T as the most frequent photoproduct.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked - Premisecitation
The ratio between CPD and 6-4PP yields after UVB irradiation is between 3 and 5.
“The values reported range between 3 and 5 (53,55,59).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Calibrated immunoassays, electrophoretic analysis and chromatographic measurements give absolute lesion yields of 0.2 to 0.5 per 10^6 bases per J m^-2 upon UVB exposure of cultured cells.
“In terms of absolute yields of lesions, calibrated immunoassays, electrophoretic analysis and chromatographic measurements lead to values ranging between 0.2 and 0.5 per 10 6 bases per J m )2 upon exposure of cultured cells to UVB (55,61,62).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
For UV sources with wavelengths above 300 nm, CPD and 6-4PP frequencies remain constant across all epidermal layers.
“Interestingly, immunohistochemical analyses have shown that, for UV radiation sources with wavelengths higher than 300 nm, the frequency of CPDs and 6-4PPs remains constant in all the layers of the epidermis 63-65.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisenone given
The corresponding 6-4TT is produced in a tenfold lower yield than T<>T.
“The corresponding 6-4TT is produced in a 10-fold lower yield.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisenone given
Sites of high photoreactivity are also mutational hotspots.
“Interestingly, the sites of high photoreactivity were also found to be mutational hotspots.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
UVA radiation has been shown since the 1970s to induce CPDs in bacteria, mammalian cells and human skin.
“In fact, UVA radiation has been shown since the 1970s, first in bacteria (29) and then in mammalian cells (32,55,(80)(81)(82)(83)(84) and human skin (61,65,(85)(86)(87), to be also able to induce CPDs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 10 sources checked- cites [29] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [32] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [55] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [80] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [81] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [82] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [83] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [84] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [61] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [65] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Nucleosome positioning modulates photoreactivity and therefore the ratio of 6-4PP to CPD formation.
“Structural parameters have also to be taken into account, such as the nucleosome positioning that modulates the photoreactivity and therefore the ratio formation between 6-4PPs and CPDs (69).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [69] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
CPD frequency is not the same at all sites in a gene such as p53, with ratios varying by more than ten between the least and most damaged sites.
“It was shown for instance that the frequency of CPDs was not the same at all sites in a gene like p53, with ratios varying for more than 10 between the less and the most damaged ones (47).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [47] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The yield of pyrimidine dimers in skin is strongly modulated by phototype, with dark skin accumulating lower amounts than fair skin.
“The yield of pyrimidine dimers in skin is also strongly modulated by the phototype-dark skin accumulating lower amounts of lesions than fair ones (66,67).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Most UVA-induced mutations in cultured cells are C to T transitions at bipyrimidine sites, the mutational hallmark of UV-induced CPDs.
“It was found that most mutations were C fi T transitions at bipyrimidine sites (11,90,91), in fact the mutational hallmark of UV-induced CPDs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
UVA irradiation gives rise to CPDs in both cultured cells and human skin.
“It is now well documented that UVA irradiation gives rise to CPDs in both cultured cells and human skin.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The yield of UVA-induced CPDs is larger than that of oxidatively generated lesions such as 8-oxoGua.
“As a striking information, the yield of CPDs was found to be larger than that of oxidatively generated lesions such as 8-oxoGua (32,46,61,88) that were long thought to be the hallmark of UVA genotoxicity, as further discussed below.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked - Premisecitation
The ratio between CPD and 8-oxoGua yields is around 5, with slight dependence on cell type.
“The ratio between the yields of CPDs and 8-oxoGua is around 5, slightly depending on the cell type.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Neither 6-4PPs nor Dewar valence isomers have been observed by specific chromatographic techniques after UVA exposure, even at high doses.
“Although tiny amounts of 6-4PPs have been detected by immunological assays (55), neither the formation of this class of damage nor of DEWs has been observed using more specific chromatographic techniques, even at high doses of UVA (46,61,88).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked - Premisecitation
In melanocytes, a CPD/8-oxoGua ratio of 1.4 reflects a larger oxidative stress.
“There is however an exception for melanocytes where a CPD ⁄ 8-oxoGua ratio 1.4 reflects the occurrence of a larger oxidative stress (89).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [89] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Triplet-triplet energy transfer photosensitization using ketone compounds predominantly forms T<>T (90%) with lower amounts of T<>C and C<>T, as observed in UVA-irradiated cells.
“Interestingly, chromatographic measurements showed that, in calf thymus DNA triplet transfer photosensitization using ketone compounds leads to the predominant formation of T< >T (90%) together with lower amounts of T< >C and C< >T as observed in UVA-irradiated cells (54,93).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [54] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [93]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The yields of UVA-induced CPDs are similar in isolated and cellular DNA.
“Comparative experiments showed that the yields of UVA-induced CPDs were similar in isolated and cellular DNA (55,96,97).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
The similarity of UVA-induced CPD yields in isolated and cellular DNA suggests that endogenous sensitizers play at best a minor role in forming these photoproducts.
“This suggests that endogenous sensitizers play at best a minor role in the formation of these photoproducts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
UVA-mediated oxidation reactions to cellular DNA are initiated by interaction of long-wavelength UV radiation with endogenous chromophores.
“The UVA-mediated oxidation reactions to cellular DNA have suggested to be initiated by the interaction of incident long UV wavelength radiation with endogenous chromophores (7,22,34).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [7]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [22] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [34]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
Type II photosensitization produces singlet oxygen by energy transfer from a triplet excited sensitizer to molecular oxygen.
“A common photosensitized pathway involves the production of singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) according to the so-called Type II photosensitization pathway that results from energy transfer from the triplet excited sensitizer to molecular oxygen.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The exact nature of the natural photosensitizers involved in UVA-mediated DNA oxidation remains unclear.
“Although this working hypothesis has been under investigation for many years, the exact nature of the involved natural photosensitizers remains unclear (98).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [98] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisereasoning
In DNA, guanine is the main target of Type I one-electron oxidation because it has by far the lowest ionization potential among DNA components.
“It was found in DNA that guanine is the main target of one-electron oxidation reactions mediated by Type I photosensitization as the purine base exhibits by far the lowest ionization potential among DNA components (Fig. 5).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
UVA-induced CPDs most likely arise from a direct photoreaction.
“Altogether, it seems now most likely that UVA-induced CPDs arise from a direct photoreaction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The distribution of Type I oxidative damage is modulated, with enhanced guanine specificity due to charge transfer within DNA.
“The distribution of oxidatively generated damage involving Type I photosensitization has been shown to be modulated, leading to an enhanced guanine specificity by the occurrence of charge transfer within DNA (104,105).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Oxidized purine bases, most likely 8-oxoGua, are the main UVA-induced oxidation products in UVA-irradiated cells.
“It was found that, oxidized purine bases and most likely 8-oxoGua, are the main UVA-induced oxidation products in UVA-irradiated cells (32,54,115).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisereasoning
Detection of 8-oxoGua is poorly informative about the mechanisms involved in oxidative DNA degradation.
“Therefore, detection of 8-oxoGua that is strongly indicative of occurrence of oxidative degradation reactions in DNA is however poorly informative in terms of the mechanisms involved.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
5-Hydroxymethyluracil and 5-formyluracil are the main hydroxyl-radical-mediated methyl oxidation products of thymine.
“5-Hydroxymethyluracil (HmUra) and 5-formyluracil (ForUra) have also been characterized as the main • OH-mediated methyl oxidation products of thymine (109).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [109] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Hydroxyl radicals efficiently react with 2-deoxyribose moieties by hydrogen abstraction, leading mostly to DNA strand breaks.
“It may be added that • OH efficiently reacts with the 2-deoxyribose moieties by hydrogen abstraction according to several pathways that lead in most cases to the formation of DNA strand breaks (109).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [109] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Superoxide radical anions may be released in large amounts by mitochondria in cells in response to UVA irradiation.
“O 2 •) may be also released in large amounts by mitochondria in cells in response to UVA irradiation (106).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [106]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Hydroxyl radicals react with pyrimidine bases at the C5-C6 double bond, forming 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine and 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrocytosine.
“It is also well documented that • OH is able to react with pyrimidine bases at the C5-C6 double bond, leading to the formation of 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine (ThyGl) and 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrocytosine (109).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [109] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
8-oxoGua is generated in significant yields upon UVA exposure of cultured cells and skin.
“A much more common biomarker of oxidatively generated damage to DNA is 8-oxoGua that has been found to be generated in significant yields upon exposure of cultured cells (85,112,113) and skin (61) to UVA radiation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked - Premisecitation
UVA radiation is not able to generate double-strand breaks.
“It was recently confirmed that UVA radiation, in contrast to earlier suggestions, is not able to generate double strand breaks (114).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [114] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
Hydroxyl radical reaction with purine bases forms a C8-hydroxylated radical that yields 8-oxoGua and FapyGua, plus related adenine degradation products in much lower yields.
“The reaction of • OH with purine bases leads to the transient formation of the C8-hydroxylated radical that gives rise to 8-oxoGua and FapyGua together with related adenine degradation products including 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroadenine (8-oxoAde) and 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyAde), however, in much lower yields.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premiseown data
UVA irradiation of cells produces alkali-labile sites, mostly strand breaks.
“It was shown using the comet assay and the alkaline elution analysis that UVA irradiation of cells gave rise to the formation of alkali-labile sites, mostly strand breaks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisenone given
8-oxoGua can be produced by singlet oxygen, one-electron oxidation and hydroxyl radicals.
“As mentioned above, 8-oxoGua that is a ubiquitous biomarker of oxidative DNA degradation reactions may be produced by 1 O 2 , one-electron oxidation and • OH.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisenone given
The level of oxidized pyrimidines is less than half that of strand breaks.
“The level of oxidized pyrimidines is less than half of that of strand breaks.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
A few photosensitizers, including anthraquinone, benzophenone, 1,4-dimethyl-2-naphthoquinone and riboflavin, can abstract one electron from adenine and pyrimidine bases in addition to guanine.
“A few photosensitizers including anthraquinone (137), benzophenone (138), 1,4-dimethyl-2-naphthoquinone (139) and riboflavin (140) are able to abstract one electron from adenine and pyrimidine bases in addition to guanine.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisereasoning
The final DNA degradation products from these photosensitizers are predominantly generated at guanine.
“However, the final DNA degradation products are predominantly generated at guanine”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Thymine exhibits the lowest triplet energy among nucleobases.
“The predominant CPD photoproduct of the latter photosensitized reactions was found to be cis-syn T<>T, in agreement with the fact that thymine exhibits the lowest triplet energy (E T ) among nucleobases (148).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [148] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
UVA-induced oxidative damage to cellular DNA is mostly explained by predominant singlet oxygen involvement with a minor hydroxyl radical contribution, about 25% for 8-oxoGua.
“It was thus concluded that UVA formation of oxidatively generated damage to cellular DNA was mostly rationalized in terms of predominant implication of 1 O 2 with a minor contribution of • OH (25% in the case of 8-oxoGua).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [115] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Guanine is the major target of one-electron oxidation by most Type I photosensitizers.
“In that respect guanine (135) is the major target of one-electron oxidation reactions of most Type I photosensitizers (136).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [135] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [136]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Melanocytes are more susceptible than other cell types to UVA-induced oxidative DNA damage, both as isolated cells and in pigmented mice.
“This was recently illustrated for melanocytes that are more susceptible than other cell types to UVA-induced oxidatively generated damage to DNA both as isolated cells (89,116) and in pigmented mice (117).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Several photosensitizers, including acetone, acetophenone, benzophenone, carprofen, fenofibric acid, fluoroquinolones, ketoprofen, and pyridopsoralen derivatives, mediate triplet-triplet energy transfer to form cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in double-stranded DNA.
“There is an abundant literature on the TTET-mediated formation of CPDs in ds DNA by several photosensitizers, including acetone (142), acetophenone (54,142), benzophenone (54,143), carprofen (144), fenofibric acid (143), fluoroquinolones (92,93,145), ketoprofen (143) and three pyridopsoralen derivatives (146,147).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Similar results to isolated DNA were obtained in human cells exposed to high-intensity nanosecond UVC pulses.
“This does not only apply to isolated DNA as similar results were obtained in human cells exposed to highintensity nanosecond UVC pulses (128).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [128] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In photosensitized reactions, the predominant cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photoproduct is cis-syn T<>T.
“The predominant CPD photoproduct of the latter photosensitized reactions was found to be cis-syn T<>T, in agreement with the fact that thymine exhibits the lowest triplet energy (E T ) among nucleobases (148).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [148] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
High-intensity UVC pulsed radiation acts on nucleobases through biphotonic ionization.
“Similar observations were made following exposure of isolated genomic DNA exposed to high-intensity UVC pulsed radiation that operate on nucleobases through biphotonic ionization (127).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [127] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The triplet energy of thymine in double-stranded DNA is 267 kJ mol^-1.
“It was recently found using several fluoroquinolones exhibiting E T values within the energy range 253-273 kJ mol )1 that triplet energy of thymine in ds DNA was 267 kJ mol )1 (113).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [113] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
The decrease of about 43 kJ mol^-1 in thymine triplet energy in DNA relative to the isolated base is suggested to result from pi-stacking and base pairing in DNA.
“The decrease by about 43 kJ mol )1 of the thymine E T value with respect to that of the isolated base was suggested to result from the occurrence of p-stacking and base pairing in DNA (92).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [92] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The efficiency of T<>T formation decreases in the order enoxacin > norfloxacin > lomefloxacin.
“The efficiency of formation of T< >T that was assessed using the accurate HPLC-ESI-MS ⁄ MS method was found to decrease in the following order: enoxacin > norfloxacin > lomefloxacin (93).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [93]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
UVA-sensitized formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers by fluoroquinolones occurs in the DNA of isolated cells and mouse skin.
“Several examples of UVA-sensitized formation of CPDs by fluoroquinolones in the DNA of isolated cells (93,149,150) and mouse skin (151) are available.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
UVA-excited lomefloxacin generates cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in human keratinocytes, detected as T4 endonuclease V-sensitive sites.
“Thus, UVA-excited lomefloxacin has been found to generate in human keratinocytes CPDs that were revealed as T4 endonuclease V-sensitive sites (149).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [149] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In most cases, triplet-triplet energy transfer is the predominant mechanism of photosensitized damage to DNA over the formation of 8-oxodGuo and DNA strand breaks.
“It was found that in most cases TTET was the predominant mechanism of photosensitized damage to DNA over the formation of 8-oxodGuo and DNA strand breaks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [93]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are detected by immunoassay in the DNA of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and Caucasian melanocytes upon lomefloxacin photosensitization.
“CPDs were also detected by immunoassay in the DNA of fibroblasts, keratinocytes and Caucasian melanocytes upon lomefloxacin photosensitization (150).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [150] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Carprofen UVA sensitizes the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in the DNA of human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell lines.
“Carprofen, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, is also able to UVA sensitize the formation of CPDs in the DNA of human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell lines as inferred from immunofluorescence detection and application of a modified version of the alkaline comet assay involving the use of T4 endonuclease V (152).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [152] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The photosensitized formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers by fluoroquinolones and carprofen in cells or skin implies that the photosensitizers are located in close vicinity of nuclear DNA to allow efficient triplet-triplet energy transfer.
“It may be emphasized that the photosensitized formation of CPDs by fluoroquinolones and carprofen in either cells or skin implies that the photosensitizers are located in the close vicinity of nuclear DNA in order to allow efficient TETT.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The method detects each of the two diastereomers at a yield of about 1 lesion per 10^4 base pairs in cellular DNA.
“The method is sensitive enough to detect each of the two diastereomers that are formed with a yield of about 1 lesion per 10 4 base pairs in cellular DNA (166).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [166] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
A HPLC fluorescence method measures the two cis-syn diastereomers of furan-side monoadducts of 3-carbethoxypsoralen to thymidine in DNA of S. cerevisiae and Chinese hamster V79 cells treated with 3-CPs plus UVA.
“Almost simultaneously, a HPLC fluorescence method has been reported for the measurement of the two cis-syn diastereomers of the furanside monoadducts of 3-carbethoxypsoralen (3-CPs) to thymidine in the DNA of S. cerevisiae and Chinese hamster V79 cells treated with monofunctional 3-CPs plus UVA radiation (166).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [166] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Two types of monoadducts are formed as pairs of diastereomers through the 4',5'-double bond of the furan moiety or the 3,4-ethylenic bond of the pyrone ring.
“Essentially, the formation of two types of monoadducts as pairs of diastereomers through the implication of either the 4¢,5¢-double bond of the furan moiety or the 3,4-ethylenic bond of the pyrone ring has been reported.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Pyrone-side monoadducts to thymine are not photoreactive.
“While pyrone-side monoadducts to thymine are not photoreactive, UVA excitation of furan-side monoadducts may lead to the formation of harmful DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) through cycloaddition to opposite thymine at 5¢-TpA-3¢ sequences (Fig. 7) that are the preferential sites of photoreactions of most psoralen derivatives (35,(161)(162)(163).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
UVA excitation of furan-side monoadducts can form DNA interstrand cross-links through cycloaddition to opposite thymine at 5'-TpA-3' sequences.
“While pyrone-side monoadducts to thymine are not photoreactive, UVA excitation of furan-side monoadducts may lead to the formation of harmful DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) through cycloaddition to opposite thymine at 5¢-TpA-3¢ sequences (Fig. 7) that are the preferential sites of photoreactions of most psoralen derivatives (35,(161)(162)(163).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
This modified comet assay is the most sensitive method available for monitoring psoralen-DNA biadducts and assessing their repair.
“This appears to be the most sensitive method available so far for monitoring the formation of psoralen-DNA biadducts and assessing their subsequent repair.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
5'-TpA-3' sequences are the preferential sites of photoreactions of most psoralen derivatives.
“While pyrone-side monoadducts to thymine are not photoreactive, UVA excitation of furan-side monoadducts may lead to the formation of harmful DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) through cycloaddition to opposite thymine at 5¢-TpA-3¢ sequences (Fig. 7) that are the preferential sites of photoreactions of most psoralen derivatives (35,(161)(162)(163).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
A modified alkaline comet assay with a postlysis gamma-irradiation step of 9 Gy measures DNA interstrand cross-links induced in HaCaT cells by 8-MOP plus UVA.
“Recently, a modified version of the alkaline comet assay that includes a postlysis c-irradiation step with a dose of 9 Gy has been designed for measuring DNA ICLs induced in HaCat cells upon treatment with 8-MOP plus UVA radiation (164).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [164] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The first individual measurement of biadducts and furan- and pyrone-side monoadducts formed by 8-MOP with thymine in S. cerevisiae DNA was achieved using a lipophilic Sephadex LH-20 column.
“The first individual measurement of biadducts and furan-and pyroneside mono adducts formed by photoreaction of 8-MOP with thymine in the DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells has been achieved using a lipophilic Sephadex LH-20 column (165).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [165]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisereasoning
The same limitation applies to detection of 8-oxoGua and Fpg-sensitive sites in cellular DNA upon UVA sensitization by methylene blue and riboflavin.
“The same remark applies to the detection of 8-oxoGua and Fpg-sensitive sites in cellular DNA upon UVA sensitization by methylene blue (182) and riboflavin (183), respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
ICLs induced by UVA activation of 8-MOP in human skin melanoma cells were detected as tetranucleotides with a threshold sensitivity close to 1 ICL per 10^6 normal nucleosides.
“Therefore, ICLs induced by UVA activation of 8-MOP in the DNA of human skin melanoma cells were detected as tetranucleotides with a threshold sensitivity close to 1 ICL per 10 6 normal nucleosides.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [169] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
ESI-MS/MS with HPLC after nuclease P1 digestion overcomes the limitation of fluorescence detection.
“This has been recently overcome by the use of the versatile, specific and accurate electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS ⁄ MS) technique in association with HPLC following nuclease P1 digestion of DNA (169).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [169] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Enhanced frequency of GC>TA transversions in yeast after fluoroquinolone photosensitization supports predominant formation of 8-oxoGua.
“Further support for the predominant formation of 8-oxoGua among the DNA damage induced by UVA-excited rufloxacin UVA was provided by the enhanced frequency of GC>TA transversions in yeast after fluoroquinolone photosensitization (181).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [181] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Two cis-syn diastereomers of 5-MOP furan-side monoadducts to thymidine were measured in S. cerevisiae DNA.
“It may be added that the two cis-syn diastereomers of 5-MOP to the furan-side to thymidine has been also measured in the DNA of S. cerevisiae using the same approach (168).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [168] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premiseown data
Furan- and pyrone-side monoadducts of both 8-MOP and S59 are formed upon UVA irradiation in a much lower yield (close to 1%) than ICLs.
“It was found that furan-and pyrone-side monoadducts of both 8-MOP and S59, a recently developed psoralen derivative for pathogen inactivation in blood products (171,172), are formed upon UVA irradiation in a much lower yield (close to 1%) than ICLs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Formation of 8-oxoGua is observed in the DNA of cells photosensitized by norfloxacin and rufloxacin.
“Formation of 8-oxoGua was observed in the DNA of cells photosensitized by norfloxacin (93) and rufloxacin (179,180).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisenone given
Fluorescence detection can only measure furan-side monoadducts to pyrimidine bases.
“However, one of the main limitations of the fluorescence detection is that only furan-side monoadducts to pyrimidine bases can be measured.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
S59 has up to 2 orders of magnitude higher photoreactivity than 8-MOP.
“A much higher photoreactivity of S59, up to 2 orders of magnitude, with respect to 8-MOP was inferred from the measured levels of monoadducts and ICLs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [170] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
A complementary analytical tool involving liquid chromatography with UV/ESI-MS or IR multiphoton dissociation mass spectrometry is available for monitoring distribution of psoralen mono- and bi-adducts to pyrimidine bases in duplex oligodeoxynucleotides.
“A complementary analytical tool for monitoring the distribution of psoralen mono-and bi-adducts to pyrimidine bases in duplex oligodeoxynucleotides that involves the association of liquid chromatography with either UV ⁄ ESI-MS or IR multiphoton dissociation mass spectrometry has recently become available (173).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [173] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Fluorescent light-excited zinc meta N-methylpyridylporphyrin induces oxidative DNA damage in human colon carcinoma LS174T cells, tentatively assigned as 8-oxoGua.
“Fluorescent light-excited zinc meta N-methylpyridylporphyrin has been shown to induce oxidatively generated damage to DNA of human colon carcinoma LS174T cells, tentatively assigned as 8-oxoGua (184) on the basis of somewhat questionable immunodetection (185).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
In the above photochemical studies, the relative contribution of Type I and Type II mechanisms of DNA oxidation could not be assessed because no specific one-electron oxidation products such as FapyGua or Oz were measured.
“It was not possible, however, in the above photochemical studies to assess the relative contribution of Type I and Type II mechanisms of DNA oxidation, likely to mostly involve 1 O 2 , as no specific one-electron oxidation decomposition guanine products such as FapyGua or Oz were measured.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
AFM measurements showing decreased stiffness of phototreated human skin fibroblasts support implication of hydroxyl radicals in UVA activation of nanocrystalline TiO2.
“Support for the implication of • OH in the UVA activation of nanocrystalline TiO 2 was provided by atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements showing a marked decrease in the stiffness of phototreated human skin fibroblasts (201).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [201] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Prevention by metal chelators such as dipyridyl and neocuprine suggests predominant role of hydroxyl radicals in TiO2-sensitized DNA damage to UVB.
“This that was partly prevented by the presence of metal chelators such as dipyridyl and neocuprine is suggestive of the predominant role of • OH in TiO 2 -sensitized formation of DNA damage to UVB.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [203] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Lack of increase in strand breaks and Endo III-sensitive sites argues for significant contribution of singlet oxygen rather than hydroxyl radicals in TiO2-photosensitized oxidative damage.
“However, the lack of increase in the level of strand breaks and Endo III-sensitive sites would argue in favor of a significant contribution of 1 O 2 in the TiO 2 -photosensitized generation of oxidatively generated damage rather than of • OH.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Preincubation of S. cerevisiae cells with normal size TiO2 (>100 nm) increases mutation frequencies in wild-type and 8-oxoguanine DNA N-glycosylase strains upon UVB irradiation.
“One may also quote a recent study in which preincubation of S. cerevisiae cells with normal size TiO 2 (>100 nm) led to an increase in mutation frequencies in both wild-type and 8oxoguanine DNA N-glycosylase strains upon UVB irradiation (203).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [203] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Sunlight illumination of MRC-5 fibroblasts preincubated with TiO2 generates DNA strand breaks and/or alkali-labile sites.
“Sunlight illumination of MRC-5 fibroblasts preincubated with TiO 2 was found to generate DNA strand breaks and ⁄ or alkali-labile sites as inferred from alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (199).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [199] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The anatase form of TiO2 has higher photocatalytic ability than rutile to induce DNA damage in human bronchial epithelial cells.
“Using alkaline comet analysis the anatase form of TiO 2 was shown to exhibit a higher photocatalytic ability than rutile to induce DNA damage in human bronchial epithelial cells (200).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [200] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The singlet excited state of 6-TG is converted efficiently by very fast intersystem crossing into the triplet manifold.
“In agreement with quantum chemical calculations, it was found that the singlet excited state of the base was converted efficiently by very fast intersystem crossing into the triplet manifold.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [210] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Formation yields of stable single oxidation products including GSO2, GSO3, and 8-oxoGua in 6-TG containing isolated and cellular DNA are not available so far.
“However, the formation yields of stable single oxidation products, including G S02 , G S03 and 8-oxoGua (206) in 6-TG containing isolated and cellular DNA are not available so far.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [206] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
6-TG-photosensitized formation of DPCs and DNA ICLs was observed in model compounds and CCRF-CEM leukemia cells.
“The formation of two other main classes of 6-TG-photosensitized photoproducts, including DPCs and DNA ICLs, was also observed in model compounds and CCRF-CEM leukemia cells (214,215).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
UVA activation of thiopurines causes inhibition of transcription and abrogation of cell-cycle checkpoints in cultured human cells through generation of DNA damage.
“An indication for the induction of the deleterious effects triggered by UVA activation of thiopurines was provided indirectly by the observed inhibition of transcription (207) and abrogation of cell-cycle checkpoints (208) in cultured human cells treated with thiopurine and UVA radiation through the generation of DNA damage.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Long-term use of thiopurines is associated with a significant increase in incidence of skin squamous carcinoma in relation to solar radiation exposure, particularly in transplant recipients.
“However, a significant increase in the incidence of skin squamous carcinoma has been shown to be associated with long-term use of thiopurines in relation to solar radiation exposure, particularly in transplant patient recipients (204,206).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [204]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [206] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Main DNA oxidation products from singlet oxygen oxidation of the thiol function of 6-TG are stable guanine 6-sulphinate and guanine 6-sulfonate via transient guanine 6-sulphenate.
“The main DNA oxidation products arise from 1 O 2 oxidation of the thiol function of 6-TG; they were characterized as stable guanine 6-sulphinate (G S02 ) and guanine 6-sulfonate (G S03 ) through initial transient guanine 6-sulphenate (G SO ) (212,213).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
The high triplet quantum yield of 6-TG (ΦT = 0.8 ± 0.2) likely favors energy transfer to O2 and generation of singlet oxygen.
“The high triplet quantum yield value (F T = 0.8 ± 0.2) is likely to favor energy transfer to O 2 and therefore the generation of 1 O 2 (210).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [210] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Quantum yields of singlet oxygen generation by UVA-excited 6-TG and related ribonucleosides vary within 0.40-0.58.
“The quantum yields of 1 O 2 generation by UVA-excited 6-TG and related ribonucleosides that were almost simultaneously determined by time-resolution luminescence measurements at 1270 nm were found to vary within the 0.40-0.58range (211).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [211] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
6-TG incorporates into mitochondrial DNA of HCT116 human cells.
“Evidence was recently provided for the incorporation of 6-TG in mitochondrial DNA of HCT116 human cells (224).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [224] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
6-TG photosensitized formation of ICLs in cellular DNA could be accounted for by covalent bond formation between opposite cytosine and guanine radical cation.
“Similarly, the 6-TG photosensitized formation of ICLs in cellular DNA could be also accounted for the covalent bond formation between opposite cytosine to Gua •+ as observed upon exposure DNA duplexes to high-intensity UVC nano-second pulses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
S4Thy incorporation leads to high phototoxicity of cells upon UVA irradiation.
“This leads to a high phototoxicity of the cells upon UVA-irradiation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Independent proofs support covalent attachment of nucleophilic amino acids to guanine radical cation upon one-electron oxidation of oligonucleotides mediated by Type I photosensitizer, flash quench, or biphotonic ionization.
“Other independent proofs that support the covalent attachment of nucleophilic amino acids to Gua •+ upon one-electron oxidation of oligonucleotides mediated by a Type I photosensitizer, the flash quench technique or biphotonic ionization, are available (219-222).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked - Premisecitation
The central lysine of KKK peptide covalently attaches via its free e-amino group to one-electron oxidation guanine intermediate of TGT trinucleotide.
“A detailed model study of the formation of DPC has shown that the central lysine of KKK peptide was able to undergo highly efficient covalent attachment through its free e-amino group to one-electron oxidation guanine intermediate of the TGT trinucleotide (111) (Fig. 5).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [111] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
An alternative mechanism for 6-TG-photosensitized formation of DPCs has been proposed based on reactivity of guanine radical cation with biological nucleophiles.
“An alternative mechanism for the 6-TG-photosensitized formation of DPCs has been recently proposed (216) on the basis of the welldocumented reactivity of Gua •+ , the predominant oneelectron DNA oxidation transient radical formed, with relevant biological nucleophiles (111,134,136,217).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
High phototoxicity is rationalized by oxygen-independent formation of DNA photoproducts including S5 thietane derivative, a 6-4PP analogue, through photocycloaddition with vicinal thymine and putative ICLs.
“This was rationalized in terms of oxygenindependent formation of DNA photoproducts including an expected S5 thietane derivative, a 6-4PP analogue (227), through photocycloaddition with vicinal thymine and putative ICLs (228) that however remain to be characterized.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Attempts to find increased 8-oxoGua in cellular S4Thy DNA were unsuccessful, despite S4Thy being an efficient generator of singlet oxygen upon UVA irradiation.
“Attempts to search for an increase in the level of 8-oxoGua in cellular S4Thy DNA were unsuccessful despite the fact that S4Thy is an efficient generator of 1O2 upon UVA irradiation (229).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [229] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationnone given
Major progress in measurement of DNA photoproducts in isolated cells and human skin exposed to UVB, UVA, and simulated solar radiation has been accomplished during the last decade.
“Major progress in the measurement of DNA photoproducts in isolated cells and human skin exposed to either UVB, UVA and simulated solar radiation has been accomplished during the last decade.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Better understanding of photochemical pathways in irradiated cells has been achieved, mostly due to comprehensive mechanisms from detailed model studies.
“This is complemented by a better understanding of the photochemical pathways involved in the formation of DNA photoproducts in irradiated cells, mostly as the result of the availability of comprehensive mechanisms from detailed model studies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 43
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 7
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and oxidatively generated damage including 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine have been identified in cellular DNA.
“Other earlier striking findings concerning UVAinduced DNA photoproducts dealt with the identification of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) (29,30) and oxidatively generated damage (30)(31)(32), including 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2¢deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) (31) in cellular DNA.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationMost xeroderma pigmentosum complementation groups A-G have a high incidence of skin tumors and deficiencies in nucleotide excision repair.
“Another indirect evidence for the implication of photoinduced damage to DNA in carcinogenicity is provided by the high incidence of skin tumors in most of the complementation groups A-G of xeroderma pigmentosum patients (17,18) who suffer from deficiencies in nucleotide excision repair (19).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationCytosine hydrates and adenine-containing dimers have been isolated in model systems, but their yields are about two orders of magnitude lower than bipyrimidine photoproducts in double-stranded DNA.
“Other photoproducts such as cytosine hydrates (41,42) or adenine-containing dimers (43,44) have been isolated in model systems but their yields are 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of bipyrimidine photoproducts in double-stranded (ds) DNA.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Premisenone givenThe half-reaction time for deamination is a few hours for isolated photoproducts and slightly less in double-stranded DNA.
“The half reaction time is in the range of a few hours for isolated photoproducts and slightly less in ds DNA.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisereasoning6-4PP formation in DNA is mediated by a singlet excited state, as shown by its absence upon photosensitized triplet-state energy transfer.
“This reaction in DNA is mediated via singlet excited state as shown by the complete absence of formation of 6-4PPs upon photosensitized triplet state energy transfer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisenone given6-4PPs are highly mutagenic but are efficiently removed by repair systems.
“and by the fact that 6-4PPs, although highly mutagenic, are efficiently removed by repair systems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation6-4TT lacking the internal phosphodiester bond cannot photorearrange into the Dewar valence isomer under white light, suggesting that the DNA backbone may favor 6-4PP photoisomerization.
“Surprisingly, it was also reported that the 6-4TT lacking the internal phosphodiester bond is not able to undergo photorearrangement into the related Dewar valence isomer upon white light irradiation, suggesting that the DNA backbone could favor the photoisomerization of 6-4PPs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisenone givenCT and CC sites are much less susceptible to UVB-mediated reactions and lead mostly to CPD formation.
“In contrast, CT and CC sites are much less susceptible to UVB-mediated reactions that lead mostly to the formation of CPDs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe yield of bipyrimidine photoproducts is much lower in skin than in cells, although the distribution is similar.
“The yield of bipyrimidine photoproducts is much lower in skin than in cells, although the distribution of photoproducts is similar (61).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [61] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Premiseown dataUnder simulated sunlight, 6-4PP frequency decreases and Dewar valence isomers appear in significant amounts, whereas they are absent after UVB-only exposure.
“In contrast, the frequency of 6-4PPs decreases and DEWs can be detected in significant amounts while they are not present when cells are only exposed to UVB (Fig. 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisenone givenTC sequences show fair reactivity, with T<>C and 6-4TC produced in similar yields.
“The TC sequences also show fair reactivity with both T< >C and 6-4TC being produced in similar yields.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationMethylated CpG sites are more prone to photoproduct formation and are mutational hotspots, likely as a result of deamination.
“Sequencing techniques showed that methylated CpG sites were more prone to photoproduct formation (72) and were mutational hotspots, likely as the result of deamination (73).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [72]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [73] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPhotoreactions are enhanced in telomeres, with possible interstrand lesion formation in the quadruplex region.
“Evidence has also been provided for the enhanced efficiency of photoreactions in telomeres (70) with the possible formation of interstrand lesions in the quadruplex region (71).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe endoperoxide intermediate rearranges quantitatively within double-stranded DNA into 8-hydroxyperoxyguanine, which is further reduced to 8-oxoGua, the exclusive singlet oxygen oxidation product.
“The latter intermediate quantitatively rearranges within ds DNA into 8-hydroxyperoxyguanine (39,99) that is further reduced into 8-oxoGua (Fig. 5), the exclusive 1 O 2 oxidation product (39,100,101).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisereasoningSinglet oxygen cannot cleave the DNA backbone; earlier observations of DNA nicks are explained by secondary oxidation of 8-oxoGua, which is about 100-fold more reactive than guanine toward singlet oxygen.
“However, it is now established that 1 O 2 has no ability to cleave the DNA backbone and that earlier observations concerning formation of DNA nicks would be explained by the occurrence of secondary oxidation of 8-oxoGua that is about 100-fold more reactive than guanine toward 1 O 2 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAbsorption of UVA photons by DNA is well documented and is driven by stacking of bases in the double helix.
“It may be added, although being a much lower process than in the UVC and UVB ranges, that absorption of UVA photons by DNA is a well-documented fact (94) that was recently shown to be driven by the stacking of bases in the double helix (95,96).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Premisenone givenNeither UVB nor UVA photons provide enough energy to directly enable one-electron oxidation of DNA bases, although the double-stranded structure lowers nucleobase ionization potentials.
“Indeed, neither UVB nor UVA photons provide enough energy to directly enable one-electron oxidation of DNA bases, although the double-stranded structure lowers the ionization potentials of the nucleobases.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSinglet excited states arising from initial UVA photon absorption have a marked charge-transfer character and differ from those induced by UVB.
“The singlet excited states arising from initial UVA photon absorption that are characterized by a marked charge transfer state appear to be quite different from those induced by UVB irradiation (95).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [95] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningBipyrimidine photoproducts are produced by direct excitation of DNA bases, whereas oxidatively generated lesions including 8-oxoGua arise through indirect photosensitized mechanisms.
“While bipyrimidine photoproducts are produced by direct excitation of the DNA bases, the formation of oxidatively generated lesions including 8-oxoGua obeys indirect photosensitized mechanisms (Fig. 4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisenone givenThe unique DNA target of singlet oxygen is guanine, which is converted into a 4,8-endoperoxide through a singlet-oxygen-mediated Diels-Alder [4+2] photocycloaddition.
“The unique target among DNA components is guanine that is converted into a 4,8-endoperoxide through 1 O 2mediated-Diels Alder [4+2] photocycloaddition reaction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisereasoningType I photosensitization involves one-electron oxidation by excited chromophores, and its efficiency is driven by the oxidation potential of the photosensitizer, which preferentially acts on guanine.
“A second possible DNA photosensitization pathway involves one-electron oxidation by excited chromophores, also known as the Type I photosensitization mechanism.The efficiency of this reaction is driven by the oxidation potential of the photosensitizers that preferentially act on guanine.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
PremisereasoningIn UVA exposure, hydroxyl radicals result from the fate of superoxide radical anions produced by Type I photosensitization.
“In the case of UVA, • OH results from the fate of far less reactive O 2”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationUVA leads to release of iron from ferritin, thereby potentiating Fenton reactions.
“Interestingly, it was shown that UVA leads to the release of iron from ferritin, therefore potentiating emergence of Fenton reactions (107).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [107] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenThe second most frequent UVA-induced oxidative DNA lesions are strand breaks, formed at about one-third the yield of oxidized purines.
“The second most frequent UVA-induced DNA oxidatively generated lesions are strand breaks that are formed in an approximately three-time lower yield than oxidized purines.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisereasoningSuperoxide radical anions are converted by spontaneous or superoxide dismutase-driven dismutation into hydrogen peroxide, which is the direct precursor of hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction with reduced transition metal ions.
“Subsequently, O 2 •) can be converted by spontaneous or more likely by superoxide dismutase-driven dismutation into hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ).The latter species is the direct precursor of • OH upon reaction with reduced transition metal ions such as Fe 2+ or Cu + in a chemical process known as the Fenton reaction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationUpon loss of an electron, guanine forms a radical cation that can hydrate and convert to an 8-hydroxy-7,8-dihydroguanyl radical, which then yields 8-oxoGua and FapyGua by competitive oxidation and reduction.
“Upon loss of an electron, guanine is converted into a radical cation (Gua •+ ) that may undergo hydration with subsequent conversion to reducing the 8-hydroxy-7,8-dihydroguanyl radical.The latter transient radical is subsequently converted to 8-oxoGua and 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyGua) by competitive one-electron oxidation and one-electron reduction, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [103] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDNA absorbs only slightly in the lower UVA range up to 340 nm, leading mostly to cis-syn T<>T through delocalization of excited-state transients over several nucleobases.
“As already mentioned, DNA only absorbs slightly in the lower part of the UVA range of solar radiation up to 340 nm, leading mostly to the formation of cis-syn T<>T through delocalization of excited state transients on several nucleobases (95,96).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIncreasing laser pulse intensity decreases the quantum yield of CPDs and 6-4PPs while increasing 8-oxoGua and other oxidized bases.
“Therefore, an increase in laser pulse intensity is accompanied with a decrease in the quantum yield of CPDs and 6-4PPs.In contrast, the level of 8-oxoGua, the main DNA oxidation product, and of other oxidized bases including 8-oxoAde, ThyGl, 5-HmUra and 5-FoUra increases (128).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [128] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenLow-LET ionizing radiation acting mostly through hydroxyl radicals gives strand breaks and oxidized bases in a 1.3:1 ratio, with similar purine and pyrimidine oxidation yields.
“Exposure of cells to low linear energy transfer ionizing radiation like X-or c-rays that act mostly through the production of • OH gives rise to strand breaks and oxidized bases in a 1.3:1 ratio while the formation yields of purine and pyrimidine oxidation products are similar.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation8-Methoxypsoralen and 5-methoxypsoralen are used in PUVA therapy for hyperproliferative skin diseases including psoriasis and vitiligo.
“Furocoumarins including bifunctional 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) are still used in the so-called ''psoralen plus UVA (PUVA)'' therapy of rather frequent hyperproliferative skin diseases, including psoriasis and vitiligo (153-155).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationFurocoumarin derivatives undergo [2+2] photocycloaddition to the 5,6-double bond of thymidine, which is the major target of these oxygen-independent photoreactions.
“Major mechanistic insights into the mechanisms of [2+2] photocycloaddition of furocoumarin derivatives to the 5,6-double bond of thymidine, the major target of these oxygen-independent photoreactions, have been gained from extensive model studies (35,(161)(162)(163).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPsoralen derivatives are used in photopheresis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and photoinactivation of pathogens in plasma and platelet components.
“Other applications of psoralen derivatives deal with the photopheresis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (156-158) and the photoinactivation of pathogens in plasma and platelet components (159,160).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe repair rate of interstrand cross-links is slow, requiring at least 24 h, and decreases with increasing 8-MOP concentration.
“The repair rate of ICLs that is rather slow, requiring at least 24 h to be completed, was found to decrease with an increase in the concentration of 8-MOP (164).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [164] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe two 3-CPs furan-side monoadducts to thymidine in yeast cells disappear with a half-life of about 90 min, suggesting base excision repair.
“The fast disappearance in the postincubation repair period of the two diastereomers with a half-life of about 90 min would suggest implication of the base excision repair pathway for their enzymatic removal.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [167] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAmong fluoroquinolones, lomefloxacin and enoxacin act as predominant Type I photosensitizers, whereas ofloxacin and norfloxacin react with DNA mainly through singlet oxygen oxidation.
“Among fluoroquinolones (for recent reviews, see Lhiaubet ), lomefloxacin and, to a lesser extent, enoxacin act as predominant Type I photosensitizers whereas ofloxacin and norfloxacin react with DNA mainly through 1 O 2 oxidation (93).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [93]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOfloxacin oxidizes DNA predominantly through the Type II mechanism, as also shown for norfloxacin.
“It was subsequently confirmed that ofloxacin oxidized predominantly DNA mostly through the Type II mechanism (177) as also shown for norfloxacin (178).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationUVA-excited TiO2 generates singlet oxygen, superoxide, and highly reactive hydroxyl radicals.
“UVA-excited TiO 2 has been shown to generate 1 O 2 (189), O 2) and also highly reactive • OH either through reduction of surface hydroxyl group by valence bond holes (190) or by Fenton type reactions (191).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationHydroxyl radicals have been proposed to explain increased Fpg-sensitive sites in DNA of UVA-irradiated goldfish skin GFSk-S1 cells pretreated with TiO2 nanoparticles.
“• OH has been also proposed to explain the increased level of oxidatively generated damage to DNA measured as Fpgsensitive sites in the DNA of UVA-irradiated goldfish skin GFSk-S1 cells pretreated with TiO 2 nanoparticles (202).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [202] source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThiopurines including azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanine are widely used in cancer therapy, for treatment of inflammatory disorders, and as immunosuppressants.
“Thiopurines including azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6thioguanine (6-TG) are widely used in cancer therapy, for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and as immunosuppressants (204,205).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [204]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [205] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCationic 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphyrin localizes mostly in nuclei of human leukemia HL-60 cells and UVA sensitizes formation of 8-oxoGua through predominant Type II mechanisms.
“Cationic 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (N-methyl-4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphyrin that is mostly localized in the nuclei of human leukemia HL-60 cells as inferred from confocal fluorescence microscopy is able to UVA sensitize the formation of 8-oxoGua through predominant Type II photosensitization mechanisms (186).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [186] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationProtoporphyrin IX derived from 5-aminolevulinic acid localizes preferentially in cytoplasm and generates only small amounts of 8-oxoGua upon UVA illumination.
“In contrast, protoporphyrin IX derived from 5-aminolevulinic acid and whose preferential localization was observed in the cytoplasm was found to generate only small amounts of 8-oxoGua upon UVA illumination (186).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [186] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPhotoexcited TiO2 exhibits strong bactericidal activity and genotoxicity on various cells mostly as result of oxidative stress.
“Photoexcited TiO 2 exhibits strong bactericidal activity (191)(192)(193)(194) and genotoxicity (195)(196)(197)(198) on various cells as mostly the result of oxidative stress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationTiO2 nanoparticles are widely used in sun blockers and other cosmetic products.
“Nanoparticles (ca 100 nm or smaller) of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), a white pigment, are widely used for various industrial purposes, including the design of sun blockers and other cosmetic products (187,188).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThiopurines are metabolized and incorporated into DNA as 6-thio-2'-deoxyguanosine, an efficient endogenous Type I and Type II photosensitizer absorbing UVA with maximum at 342 nm.
“This is explained by the metabolization and incorporation of thiopurines into DNA as 6-thio-2¢-deoxyguanosine, an efficient endogenous Type I and Type II photosensitizer absorbing in the UVA range with a maximum at 342 nm (209).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [209] source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationProposed structures of DPCs formed between oligonucleotides and short peptides involve covalent binding of 6-TG with cysteine residues through disulfide generation.
“Some of the proposed structures of DPCs formed between oligonucleotides and short peptides involve covalent binding of highly reactive 6-TG with cysteine residues through the generation of a disulfide (214).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [214] source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationFree peptide amino groups were suggested to participate in 6-TG-mediated formation of DPCs.
“Free peptide amino groups were also suggested to participate in the 6-TG-mediated formation of DPCs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [214] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation4-Thiothymine absorbs UVA with maximum around 340 nm and incorporates into DNA of dividing cells.
“4-Thiothymine (S4Thy), a thymine analog absorbing in the UVA range with a maximum centered around 340 nm is able to efficiently incorporate into the DNA of dividing cells (225,226).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationDPCs generated in cellular DNA are resistant to reduction treatment, unlike those formed in model studies, ruling out disulfide structures.
“However, the DPCs that were generated in cellular DNA were resistant to reduction treatment in contrast to those formed in model studies (214), ruling out the possible structures that were discussed above.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [214] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWater reacts efficiently with guanine radical cation, and amino acids with nucleophilic groups including lysine, arginine, and serine covalently bind to C8 of guanine.
“In addition to water that was found initially to efficiently react with Gua •+ (218), several amino acids bearing a nucleophilic group, including lysine, arginine and serine were shown to covalent bind to the C8 of guanine (111,216).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation6-TG incorporation into mitochondrial DNA leads to ROS generation upon UVA irradiation, formation of DNA oxidation products, and loss of mitochondrial function.
“This was found to lead to the generation of ROS upon UVA irradiation with subsequent formation of DNA oxidation products that is accompanied by a loss of mitochondrial function (224).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [224] source
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
Mechanisms of DNA photoproduct formation derived from model studies apply to cellular DNA.
“Major mechanistic insights into the mechanisms of [2+2] photocycloaddition of furocoumarin derivatives to the 5,6-double bond of thymidine, the major target of these oxygen-independent photoreactions, have been gained from extensive model studies (35,(161)(162)(163).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
6-4PPs are formed by one covalent bond between the 5-prime-end C6 and the 3-prime-end C4 carbon atoms of adjacent pyrimidines via charge-transfer states, with oxetane and azetidine rearrangements when the 3-prime-end is T or C.
“6-4PPs are formed by one covalent bond between the 5'-end C6 and the 3'-end C4 carbon atoms of adjacent pyrimidines via charge-transfer states, and oxetane and azetidine rearrangements (unstable intermediates) occur when the 3'-end is T or C, respectively [31,32].”
From Sunlight damage to cellular DNA: focus on oxidatively generated lesions (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
Solar UV is a potent environmental human carcinogen.
“solar UV is a potent environmental human carcinogen (10–12).”
From Hypochlorous Acid: From Innate Immune Factor and Environmental Toxicant to Chemopreventive Agent Targeting Solar UV-Induced Skin Cancer (2022) · cites this paper as [12]
Cites
Steenken, S., & Jovanovic, S. V. (1997) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja962255b · Cited by 1,450 · see citing works
Photochemotherapy of Psoriasis with Oral Methoxsalen and Longwave Ultraviolet Light
Parrish, J. A., Fitzpatrick, T. B., Tanenbaum, L., & Pathak, M. A. (1974) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197412052912301 · Cited by 1,376 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanisms of Ultraviolet Radiation‐Induced DNA Damage and Repair
Rastogi, R. P., Richa, Kumar, A., Tyagi, M. B., & Sinha, R. P. (2010) · Journal of Nucleic Acids · doi:10.4061/2010/592980 · Cited by 1,329 · see citing works
Definition of type I and type II photosensitized oxidation
Foote, C. S. (1991) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb02071.x · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
Gurr, J.-R., Wang, A. S. S., Chen, C.-H., & Jan, K.-Y. (2005) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2005.05.007 · Cited by 1,022 · see citing works
Pogozelski, W. K., & Tullius, T. D. (1998) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr960437i · Cited by 1,018 · see citing works
THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THYMINE DIMERS FROM DNA: AN ERROR-CORRECTING MECHANISM
Setlow, R. B., & Carrier, W. L. (1964) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.51.2.226 · Cited by 984 · see citing works
Direct and indirect effects of UV radiation on DNA and its components
Ravanat, J.-L., Douki, T., & Cadet, J. (2001) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology · doi:10.1016/s1011-1344(01)00206-8 · Cited by 980 · see citing works
Self-citationUltraviolet radiation-mediated damage to cellular DNA
Cadet, J., Sage, E., & Douki, T. (2005) · Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.09.012 · Cited by 932 · see citing works
Self-citationA review of human carcinogens--part D: radiation
El Ghissassi, F., Baan, R., Straif, K., Grosse, Y., Secretan, B., Bouvard, V., Benbrahim-Tallaa, L., Guha, N., Freeman, C., Galichet, L., et al. (2009) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(09)70213-x · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Mechanisms for DNA Charge Transport
Genereux, J. C., & Barton, J. K. (2010) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr900228f · Cited by 787 · see citing works
Long-Range Charge Transfer in DNA: Transient Structural Distortions Control the Distance Dependence
Schuster, G. B. (2000) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/ar980059z · Cited by 778 · see citing works
Mutations induced by ultraviolet light
Pfeifer, G. P., You, Y., & Nia, A. B. (2005) · Mutation research. Fundamental and molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.057 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Cimino, G. D., Gamper, H., Isaacs, S. T., & Hearst, J. E. (1985) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.54.070185.005443 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
Inorganic and organic UV filters: Their role and efficacy in sunscreens and suncare products
Serpone, N., Dondi, D., & Albini, A. (2007) · Inorganica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.ica.2005.12.057 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Hydroxyl radicals and DNA base damage
Cadet, J., Delatour, T., Douki, T., Gasparutto, D., Pouget, J., Ravanat, J., & Sauvaigo, S. (1999) · Mutation research. Fundamental and molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/s0027-5107(99)00004-4 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Self-citationMouret, S., Baudouin, C., Charveron, M., Favier, A., Cadet, J., & Douki, T. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0604213103 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Self-citationWavelength dependence of oxidative DNA damage induced by UV and visible light
Kielbassa, C. (1997) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/18.4.811 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Cadet, J., Douki, T., & Ravanat, J.-L. (2008) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/ar700245e · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Self-citationThymine Dimerization in DNA Is an Ultrafast Photoreaction
Schreier, W. J., Schrader, T. E., Koller, F. O., Gilch, P., Crespo-Hernández, C. E., Swaminathan, V. N., Carell, T., Zinth, W., & Kohler, B. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1135428 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Shining a light on xeroderma pigmentosum
DiGiovanna, J. J., & Kraemer, K. H. (2012) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2011.426 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Chemical oxidation and DNA damage catalysed by inorganic sunscreen ingredients
Dunford, R., Salinaro, A., Cai, L., Serpone, N., Horikoshi, S., Hidaka, H., & Knowland, J. (1997) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01356-2 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Encyclopedia of radicals in chemistry, biology and materials
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-6017 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
The Mechanisms of UV Mutagenesis
Ikehata, H., & Ono, T. (2011) · Journal of Radiation Research · doi:10.1269/jrr.10175 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Karran, P., & Attard, N. (2008) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2292 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Isolation and identification of the irradiation product of thymine
Beukers, R., & Berends, W. (1960) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta · doi:10.1016/0006-3002(60)90063-9 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
UV wavelength-dependent DNA damage and human non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer
Pfeifer, G. P., & Besaratinia, A. (2012) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/c1pp05144j · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Douki, T., Reynaud-Angelin, A., Cadet, J., & Sage, E. (2003) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi034593c · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Self-citationReeves, J. F., Davies, S. J., Dodd, N. J. F., & Jha, A. N. (2008) · Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.12.010 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Wondrak, G. T., Jacobson, M. K., & Jacobson, E. L. (2006) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/b504573h · Cited by 411 · see citing works
UV-induced DNA damage and melanin content in human skin differing in racial/ethnic origin
Tadokoro, T., Kobayashi, N., Zmudzka, B. Z., Ito, S., Wakamatsu, K., Yamaguchi, Y., Korossy, K. S., Miller, S. A., Beer, J. Z., & Hearing, V. J. (2003) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.02-0865fje · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Induction of oxidative DNA base damage in human skin cells by UV and near visible radiation
Kvam, E. (1997) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/18.12.2379 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Lehmann, A. R., McGibbon, D., & Stefanini, M. (2011) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/1750-1172-6-70 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Oxidation of DNA: Damage to Nucleobases
Kanvah, S., Joseph, J., Schuster, G. B., Barnett, R. N., Cleveland, C. L., & Landman, U. (2010) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/ar900175a · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Douki, T., & Cadet, J. (2001) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi0022543 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Self-citationMelanoma induction by ultraviolet A but not ultraviolet B radiation requires melanin pigment
Noonan, F. P., Zaidi, M. R., Wolnicka-Glubisz, A., Anver, M. R., Bahn, J., Wielgus, A., Cadet, J., Douki, T., Mouret, S., Tucker, M. A., et al. (2012) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms1893 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Self-citationSinglet Oxygen Induces Oxidation of Cellular DNA
Ravanat, J., Mascio, P. D., Martinez, G. R., de Medeiros, M. H. G., & Cadet, J. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m006681200 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Self-citationEVIDENCE THAT ULTRAVIOLET-INDUCED THYMINE DIMERS IN DNA CAUSE BIOLOGICAL DAMAGE
Setlow, R. B., & Setlow, J. K. (1962) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.48.7.1250 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
You, Y.-H., Lee, D.-H., Yoon, J.-H., Nakajima, S., Yasui, A., & Pfeifer, G. P. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m107696200 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Freeman, S. E., Hacham, H., Gange, R. W., Maytum, D. J., Sutherland, J. C., & Sutherland, B. M. (1989) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.86.14.5605 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Oxidative Damage to Nucleic Acids Photosensitized by Titanium Dioxide
Wamer, W. G., Yin, J., & Wei, R. (1997) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(97)00068-3 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
TiO2 Nanoparticles Are Phototoxic to Marine Phytoplankton
Miller, R. J., Bennett, S. W., Keller, A. A., Pease, S., & Lenihan, H. S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030321 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Kasai, H., Yamaizumi, Z., Berger, M., & Cadet, J. (1992) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja00050a078 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Self-citation<i>In situ</i> analysis of repair processes for oxidative DNA damage in mammalian cells
Lan, L., Nakajima, S., Oohata, Y., Takao, M., Okano, S., Masutani, M., Wilson, S. H., & Yasui, A. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0406048101 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Unraveling the Molecular Pathway from Sunlight to Skin Cancer
Taylor, J. (1994) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/ar00039a003 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Pouget, J.-P., Douki, T., Richard, M.-J., & Cadet, J. (2000) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx000020e · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Self-citationBenzophenone Photosensitized DNA Damage
Cuquerella, M. C., Lhiaubet‐Vallet, V., Cadet, J., & Miranda, M. A. (2012) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/ar300054e · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms of Skin Tanning in Different Racial/Ethnic Groups in Response to Ultraviolet Radiation
Tadokoro, T., Yamaguchi, Y., Batzer, J., Coelho, S. G., Zmudzka, B. Z., Miller, S. A., Wolber, R., Beer, J. Z., & Hearing, V. J. (2005) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23760.x · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Distribution and Repair of Bipyrimidine Photoproducts in Solar UV-irradiated Mammalian Cells
Perdiz, D., Gróf, P., Mezzina, M., Nikaido, O., Moustacchi, E., & Sage, E. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)61437-7 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Kuluncsics, Z., Perdiz, D., Brulay, E., Muel, B., & Sage, E. (1999) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology · doi:10.1016/s1011-1344(99)00034-2 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Sunlight induces pyrimidine dimers preferentially at 5-methylcytosine bases.
Tommasi, S., Denissenko, M. F., & Pfeifer, G. P. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Oxidatively generated complex DNA damage: Tandem and clustered lesions
Cadet, J., Ravanat, J.-L., TavernaPorro, M., Menoni, H., & Angelov, D. (2012) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2012.04.005 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citationRochette, P. J. (2003) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkg402 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Powerful Skin Cancer Protection by a CPD-Photolyase Transgene
Jans, J., Schul, W., Sert, Y.-G., Rijksen, Y., Rebel, H., Eker, A. P. M., Nakajima, S., van Steeg, H., de Gruijl, F. R., Yasui, A., et al. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.001 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Absorption spectrum of DNA for wavelengths greater than 300 nm
Sutherland, J. C., & Griffin, K. P. (1981) · Radiation Research · doi:10.2307/3575456 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Sensitized formation of oxidatively generated damage to cellular DNA by UVA radiation
Cadet, J., Douki, T., Ravanat, J.-L., & Di Mascio, P. (2009) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/b905343n · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citationCadet, J., Anselmino, C., Douki, T., & Voituriez, L. (1992) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology · doi:10.1016/1011-1344(92)85135-h · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citationINDUCTION OF PYRIMIDINE DIMERS IN BACTERIAL DNA BY 365 nm RADIATION*
TYRRELL, R. M. (1973) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1973.tb06334.x · Cited by 203 · see citing works
The photogenotoxicity of titanium dioxide particles
Nakagawa, Y., Wakuri, S., Sakamoto, K., & Tanaka, N. (1997) · Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/s1383-5718(97)00126-5 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Short- and Long-Wave UV Light (UVB and UVA) Induce Similar Mutations in Human Skin Cells
Kappes, U. P., Luo, D., Potter, M., Schulmeister, K., & Rünger, T. M. (2006) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700093 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Favre, A., Saintomé, C., Fourrey, J.-L., Clivio, P., & Laugâa, P. (1998) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology · doi:10.1016/s1011-1344(97)00116-4 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
The ultraviolet photochemistry of thymidylyl-(3′→5′)-thymidine
Johns, H. E., Pearson, M. L., LeBlanc, J. C., & Helleiner, C. W. (1964) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(64)80223-0 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Strahlenchemische Ver�nderung der Bakterien-Desoxyribonucleins�ure in vivo
Wacker, A., Dellweg, H., & Weinblum, D. (1960) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/bf00638304 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Thiopurines, DNA damage, DNA repair and therapy-related cancer
Karran, P. (2006) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/ldl020 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Pourzand, C., Watkin, R. D., Brown, J. E., & Tyrrell, R. M. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.12.6751 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Singlet Oxygen Oxidation of Isolated and Cellular DNA: Product Formation and Mechanistic Insights
Cadet, J., Ravanat, J., Martinez, G. R., Medeiros, M. H. G., & Mascio, P. D. (2006) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1562/2006-06-09-ir-914 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationDNA, light, and Dewar pyrimidinones: the structure and biological significance to TpT3
Taylor, J. S., & Cohrs, M. P. (1987) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja00243a052 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Lin, L., Hanson, C. V., Alter, H. J., Jauvin, V., Bernard, K. A., Murthy, K. K., Metzel, P., & Corash, L. (2005) · Transfusion · doi:10.1111/j.0041-1132.2005.04316.x · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Mechanisms of mutation formation with long‐wave ultraviolet light (UVA)
Rünger, T. M., & Kappes, U. P. (2008) · Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0781.2008.00319.x · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Ultraviolet Radiation and Melanoma
Kanavy, H. E., & Gerstenblith, M. R. (2011) · Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.sder.2011.08.003 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Unravelling UVA-induced mutagenesis
Sage, E., Girard, P.-M., & Francesconi, S. (2012) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/c1pp05219e · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Binding of Transcription Factors Creates Hot Spots for UV Photoproducts In Vivo
Pfeifer, G. P., Drouin, R., Riggs, A. D., & Holmquist, G. P. (1992) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.12.4.1798 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Courdavault, S., Baudouin, C., Charveron, M., Canguilhem, B., Favier, A., Cadet, J., & Douki, T. (2005) · DNA Repair · doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2005.05.001 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationBesaratinia, A., Synold, T. W., Chen, H.-H., Chang, C., Xi, B., Riggs, A. D., & Pfeifer, G. P. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0502311102 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Besaratinia, A., Yoon, J., Schroeder, C., Bradforth, S. E., Cockburn, M., & Pfeifer, G. P. (2011) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.11-187336 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
UVA-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in DNA: a direct photochemical mechanism?
Mouret, S., Philippe, C., Gracia-Chantegrel, J., Banyasz, A., Karpati, S., Markovitsi, D., & Douki, T. (2010) · Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry · doi:10.1039/b924712b · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationPsoralen and Ultraviolet A Light Therapy for Psoriasis
Stern, R. S. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmct072317 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Courdavault, S., Baudouin, C., Charveron, M., Favier, A., Cadet, J., & Douki, T. (2004) · Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.07.011 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationPerrier, S., Hau, J., Gasparutto, D., Cadet, J., Favier, A., & Ravanat, J.-L. (2006) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja057656i · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationUVA1 induces cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers but not 6-4 photoproducts in human skin in vivo
Tewari, A., Sarkany, R. P., & Young, A. R. (2012) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2011.283 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Gogniat, G., & Dukan, S. (2007) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01079-07 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Lin, J. S., Eder, M. L., & Weinmann, S. A. (2011) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-154-3-201102010-00009 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Human Telomeres Are Hypersensitive to UV-Induced DNA Damage and Refractory to Repair
Rochette, P. J., & Brash, D. E. (2010) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000926 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
DNA damage spectra induced by photosensitization
Epe, B. (2011) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/c1pp05190c · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Oxidation of Guanine in Cellular DNA by Solar UV Radiation: Biological Role†
Douki, T., Perdiz, D., Grof, P., Kuluncsics, Z., Moustacchi, E., Cadet, J., & Sage, E. (1999) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb07988.x · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationModification of DNA bases by photosensitized one-electron oxidation
Douki, T. (1999) · International Journal of Radiation Biology · doi:10.1080/095530099140212 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationReviews on sun exposure and artificial light and melanoma
Gandini, S., Autier, P., & Boniol, M. (2011) · Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.09.011 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Rosenstein, B. S., Wang, Y., Lebwohl, M., Mitchell, D. M., & Wei, H. (1997) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb01886.x · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Sunscreens with Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nano-Particles: A Societal Experiment
Jacobs, J. F., van de Poel, I., & Osseweijer, P. (2010) · NanoEthics · doi:10.1007/s11569-010-0090-y · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Thymine-Thymine Adduct as a Photoproduct of Thymine
Varghese, A. J., & Wang, S. Y. (1968) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.160.3824.186 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Pyrimidine Bimolecular Photoproducts
Wang, S. Y. (1976) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-734601-4.50012-4 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Role of mitochondria in ultraviolet-induced oxidative stress
Gniadecki, R., Thorn, T., Vičanová, J., Petersen, A., & Wulf, H. C. (2000) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/1097-4644(20010201)80:2 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Early Events in UV Carcinogenesis—DNA Damage, Target Cells and Mutant p53 Foci<sup>†</sup>
De Gruijl, F. R., & Rebel, H. (2008) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00275.x · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Melanocytes are deficient in repair of oxidative DNA damage and UV-induced photoproducts
Wang, H.-T., Choi, B., & Tang, M.-S. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1005244107 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Young, A. R., Potten, C. S., Nikaido, O., Parsons, P. G., Boenders, J., Ramsden, J. M., & Chadwick, C. A. (1998) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00435.x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Mutations of the p53 and PTCH gene in basal cell carcinomas: UV mutation signature and strand bias
Kim, M. (2002) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/s0923-1811(01)00170-0 · Cited by 116 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This received strong support from the delineation of mutagenic effects of UVB and UVA components (10–14) with the observation of UVB-induced C fi T transition and CC fi TT mutations at bipyrimidine sites in p53 genes of skin tumors (8,15).”
BackgroundChadwick, C. A., Potten, C. S., Nikaido, O., Matsunaga, T., Proby, C., & Young, A. R. (1995) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology · doi:10.1016/1011-1344(94)07096-7 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The Triplet Energy of Thymine in DNA
Bosca, F., Lhiaubet-Vallet, V., Cuquerella, M. C., Castell, J. V., & Miranda, M. A. (2006) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja060651g · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Mascio, P. D., Wefers, H., Do-Thi, H.-P., Lafleur, M. V. M., & Sies, H. (1989) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression · doi:10.1016/0167-4781(89)90033-x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Peak, J. G., & Peak, M. J. (1991) · Mutation research. Fundamental and molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/0027-5107(91)90121-4 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Novel DNA lesions generated by the interaction between therapeutic thiopurines and UVA light
Zhang, X., Jeffs, G., Ren, X., O’Donovan, P., Montaner, B., Perrett, C. M., Karran, P., & Xu, Y.-Z. (2007) · DNA Repair · doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.11.003 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Excited-State Dynamics in 6-Thioguanosine from the Femtosecond to Microsecond Time Scale
Reichardt, C., Guo, C., & Crespo-Hernández, C. E. (2011) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp112018u · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Besaratinia, A., Kim, S.-I., Bates, S. E., & Pfeifer, G. P. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0610534104 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Banyasz, A., Vayá, I., Changenet-Barret, P., Gustavsson, T., Douki, T., & Markovitsi, D. (2011) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja110879m · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationMinor contribution of direct ionization to DNA base damage inducedby heavy ions
Douki, T., Ravanat, J.-L., Pouget, J.-P., Testard, I., & Cadet, J. (2006) · International Journal of Radiation Biology · doi:10.1080/09553000600573788 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationGallagher, R. P., Lee, T. K., Bajdik, C. D., & Borugian, M. (2010) · Chronic Diseases and Injuries in Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.29.s1.04 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Radical and Radical Ion Reactivity in Nucleic Acid Chemistry
Greenberg, M. M. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470526279 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
UV Laser Photolysis of DNA: Effect of Duplex Stability on Charge-Transfer Efficiency
Douki, T., Angelov, D., & Cadet, J. (2001) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja016426a · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, D.-H., & Pfeifer, G. P. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m212696200 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
UV INDUCED (6‐4) PHOTOPRODUCTS ARE DISTRIBUTED DIFFERENTLY THAN CYCLOBUTANE DIMERS IN NUCLEOSOMES
Gale, J. M., & Smerdon, M. J. (1990) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1990.tb01732.x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Inter-strand photoproducts are produced in high yield within A-DNA exposed to UVC radiation
Douki, T. (2003) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkg408 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationTaylor, J., Garrett, D. S., & Cohrs, M. P. (1988) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00419a007 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Pflaum, M., Boiteux, S., & Epe, B. (1994) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/15.2.297 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The specificity of UVA-induced DNA damage in human melanocytes
Mouret, S., Forestier, A., & Douki, T. (2012) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/c1pp05185g · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, S. W., & An, Y. (2012) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-012-4153-6 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
UVA photosensitization of thiopurines and skin cancer in organ transplant recipients
Attard, N. R., & Karran, P. (2012) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/c1pp05194f · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Thomas, D. C., Okumoto, D. S., Sancar, A., & Bohr, V. A. (1989) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84671-9 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Mouret, S., Charveron, M., Favier, A., Cadet, J., & Douki, T. (2008) · DNA Repair · doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2008.01.005 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationPhotosensitized DNA Damage and its Protection via a Novel Mechanism†
Hiraku, Y., Ito, K., Hirakawa, K., & Kawanishi, S. (2007) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1562/2006-03-09-ir-840 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Wood, P. D., & Redmond, R. W. (1996) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja954340+ · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Cannistraro, V. J., & Taylor, J. (2009) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2009.07.048 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Harada, Y., Suzuki, T., Ichimura, T., & Xu, Y.-Z. (2007) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp0678094 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Ultraviolet irradiation of titanium dioxide in aqueous dispersion generates singlet oxygen
Konaka, R., Kasahara, E., Dunlap, W. C., Yamamoto, Y., Chien, K. C., & Inoue, M. (2001) · Redox Report · doi:10.1179/135100001101536463 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Meldrum, R. A., Botchway, S. W., Wharton, C. W., & Hirst, G. (2003) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400028 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Triplet Excited Fluoroquinolones as Mediators for Thymine Cyclobutane Dimer Formation in DNA
Lhiaubet‐Vallet, V., Cuquerella, M. C., Castell, J. V., Boscá, F., & Miranda, M. A. (2007) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp070167f · Cited by 84 · see citing works
One-electron oxidation of DNA and inflammation processes
Cadet, J., Douki, T., & Ravanat, J. (2006) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio0706-348 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citation193 NM LIGHT INDUCES SINGLE STRAND BREAKAGE OF DNA PREDOMINANTLY AT GUANINE
Melvin, T., Plumb, M., Botchway, S. W., et al. (1995) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1995.tb09873.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Lemaire, D. G. E., & Ruzsicska, B. P. (1993) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00061a009 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Tada‐Oikawa, S., Oikawa, S., Hirayama, J., Hirakawa, K., & Kawanishi, S. (2009) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00600.x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Ikehata, H., Kawai, K., Komura, J.-I., Sakatsume, K., Wang, L., Imai, M., Higashi, S., Nikaido, O., Yamamoto, K., Hieda, K., et al. (2008) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2008.61 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
5-Methoxypsoralen: A Review of its Effects in Psoriasis and Vitiligo
McNeely, W., & Goa, K. L. (1998) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-199856040-00015 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
4-thiothymidine sensitization of DNA to UVA offers potential for a novel photochemotherapy
Reelfs, O., Karran, P., & Young, A. R. (2012) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/c1pp05188a · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Sauvaigo, S., Douki, T., Odin, F., Caillat, S., Ravanat, J., & Cadet, J. (2001) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Insulated SolarFenton Hybrid Process: Fundamental Investigations
Sagawe, G., Lehnard, A., Lübber, M., & Bahnemann, D. W. (2001) · Helvetica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1002/1522-2675(20011219)84:12 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Sheu, C., Kang, P., Khan, S., & Foote, C. S. (2002) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja011696e · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Mechanism of UV‐Induced Formation of Dewar Lesions in DNA
Haiser, K., Fingerhut, B. P., Heil, K., Glas, A. F., Herzog, T. T., Pilles, B. M., Schreier, W. J., Zinth, W., de Vivie‐Riedle, R., & Carell, T. (2011) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201106231 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Formation and stability of repairable pyrimidine photohydrates in DNA
Boorstein, R. J., Hilbert, T. P., Cunningham, R. P., & Teebor, G. W. (1990) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00498a004 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Multiple forms of DNA Damage Caused by UVA Photoactivation of DNA 6‐Thioguanine
Brem, R., & Karran, P. (2012) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01043.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Douki, T., Court, M., & Cadet, J. (2000) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/s1011-1344(00)00009-9 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationLhiaubet, V., Paillous, N., & Chouini-Lalanne, N. (2007) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740670coddpb2.0.co2 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Douki, T., & Cadet, J. (1994) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00205a033 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationPHOTOSENSITIZATION OF PYRIMIDINES BY 2‐METHYLNAPHTHOQUINONE IN WATER: A LASER FLASH PHOTOLYSIS STUDY
Fisher, G. J., & Land, E. J. (1983) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1983.tb04429.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Huang, X., Bernerd, F., & Halliday, G. M. (2009) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2009.080318 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Photosensitized DNA Damage: The Case of Fluoroquinolones†
Lhiaubet‐Vallet, V., Boscá, F., & Miranda, M. A. (2009) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00548.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Cao, H., Hearst, J. E., Corash, L., & Wang, Y. (2008) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac7023969 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Delatour, T., Douki, T., D'Ham, C., & Cadet, J. (1998) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology · doi:10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00142-0 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationMarrot, L., Belaïdi, J. P., Jones, C., Perez, P., Meunier, J. R., Riou, L., & Sarasin, A. (2003) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12422.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Lai, C., Cao, H., Hearst, J. E., Corash, L., Luo, H., & Wang, Y. (2008) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac801520m · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Rosen, J. E., Prahalad, A. K., & Williams, G. M. (1996) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb02430.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Brem, R., Li, F., & Karran, P. (2009) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkp070 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Psoralen Photochemistry and Nucleic Acid Structure
Hearst, J. E. (1981) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12479229 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Guanine is the target for direct ionisation damage in DNA, as detected using excision enzymes
Melvin, T. (1998) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/26.21.4935 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Sunblocks: Mechanisms of action
Murphy, G. M. (1999) · Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0781.1999.tb00051.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Extracorporeal photochemoimmunotherapy in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
Knobler, R., & Jantschitsch, C. (2003) · Transfusion and Apheresis Science · doi:10.1016/s1473-0502(02)00103-9 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Stiffness Alterations of Single Cells Induced by UV in the Presence of NanoTiO<sub>2</sub>
Vileno, B., Lekka, M., Sienkiewicz, A., Jeney, S., Stoessel, G., Lekki, J., Forró, L., & Stachura, Z. (2007) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es0629561 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
DNA−Protein Cross-Linking from Oxidation of Guanine via the Flash−Quench Technique
Nguyen, K. L., Steryo, M., Kurbanyan, K., Nowitzki, K. M., Butterfield, S. M., Ward, S. R., & Stemp, E. D. A. (2000) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja993502p · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Photosensitization Reactions of Fluoroquinolones and Their Biological Consequences
Guidi, G. D., Bracchitta, G., & Catalfo, A. (2011) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00978.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Effects of Duplex Stability on Charge-Transfer Efficiency within DNA
Douki, T., Ravanat, J., Angelov, D., Wagner, J. R., & Cadet, J. (2012) · Topics in current chemistry · doi:10.1007/b94409 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationSu, D. G. T., Fang, H., Gross, M. L., & Taylor, J.-S. A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0902386106 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Ren, X., Li, F., Jeffs, G., Zhang, X., Xu, Y.-Z., & Karran, P. (2010) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkp1165 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Specific local induction of DNA strand breaks by infrared multi-photon absorption
Träutlein, D., Deibler, M., Leitenstorfer, A., & Ferrando‐May, E. (2009) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkp932 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Zhu, X., Smith, J., Haygood, M. T., & Gao, R. (2011) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp109590t · Cited by 53 · see citing works
DNA−Protein Cross-Linking via Guanine Oxidation: Dependence upon Protein and Photosensitizer
Kurbanyan, K., Nguyen, K. L., To, P., Rivas, E. V., Lueras, A. M. K., Kosinski, C., Steryo, M., González, A., Mah, D. A., & Stemp, E. D. A. (2003) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi020713p · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Photochemical Properties of Ofloxacin Involved in Oxidative DNA Damage: A Comparison with Rufloxacin
Cuquerella, M. C., Boscá, F., Miranda, M. A., Belvedere, A., Catalfo, A., & de Guidi, G. (2003) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx034006o · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Effects of UV and Visible Radiations on Cellular DNA
Cadet, J., Douki, T., Pouget, J., et al. (2000) · Current Problems in Dermatology · doi:10.1159/000060654 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationNussbaumer, W., Allersdorfer, D., Grabmer, C., Rheinschmidt, M., Lin, L., Schönitzer, D., & Lass‐Flörl, C. (2007) · Transfusion · doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01247.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
No formation of DNA double-strand breaks and no activation of recombination repair with UVA
Rizzo, J. L., Dunn, J., Rees, A., & Rünger, T. M. (2011) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2010.365 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Recruitment of DNA repair synthesis machinery to sites of DNA damage/repair in living human cells
Hashiguchi, K., Matsumoto, Y., & Yasui, A. (2007) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkm115 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Efficient DNA interstrand crosslinking by 6-thioguanine and UVA radiation
Brem, R., Daehn, I., & Karran, P. (2011) · DNA Repair · doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.05.010 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Moysan, A., Viari, A., Vigny, P., Voituriez, L., Cadet, J., Moustacchi, E., & Sage, É. (1991) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00243a007 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationGueranger, Q., Kia, A., Frith, D., & Karran, P. (2011) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkr112 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Significance of CpG Methylation for Solar UV‐Induced Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis in Skin‡
Ikehata, H., & Ono, T. (2006) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1562/2006-02-28-ir-822 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Kassam, S. N., & Rainbow, A. J. (2007) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.06.005 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Individual Photosensitivity of Human Skin and UVA-Induced Pyrimidine Dimers in DNA
Mouret, S., Leccia, M. ‐., Bourrain, J. ‐., Douki, T., & Béani, J. (2011) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2011.47 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationBrem, R., Li, F., Montaner, B., Reelfs, O., & Karran, P. (2010) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2010.140 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Singlet oxygen induces oxidation of cellular DNA.
Ravanat, J.-L., Di Mascio, P., Martinez, G. R., Medeiros, M. G., & Cadet, J. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)46360-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional characteristics of photochemically treated platelets
Jansen, G. A. J., Van Vliet, H. H. D. M., Vermeij, H., Beckers, E. A. M., Leebeek, F. W. G., Sonneveld, P., & Van Rhenen, D. J. (2004) · Transfusion · doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2003.00588.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Hendriks, G., Calléja, F., Besaratinia, A., Vrieling, H., Pfeifer, G. P., Mullenders, L. H. F., Jansen, J. G., & de Wind, N. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.061 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Measurement of oxidatively generated base damage to nucleic acids in cells: facts and artifacts
Cadet, J., Douki, T., Ravanat, J.-L., & Wagner, J. R. (2012) · Bioanalytical Reviews · doi:10.1007/s12566-012-0029-6 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Repair of DNA Damages Induced in Normal Human Skin Fibroblasts Exposed to Simulated Sunlight
Rosenstein, B. S., & Mitchell, D. L. (1991) · Radiation Research · doi:10.2307/3577923 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Melvin, T., Cunniffe, S. M. T., Papworth, D. G., Roldán‐Arjona, T., & O'Neill, P. (1997) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb01908.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Reelfs, O., Macpherson, P., Ren, X., Xu, Y.-Z., Karran, P., & Young, A. R. (2011) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkr674 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Costalat, R., Blais, J., Ballini, J., Moysan, A., Cadet, J., CHALVET, O., & Vigny, P. (1990) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1990.tb01709.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationEndonuclease-sensitive DNA modifications induced by acetone and acetophenone as photosensitizers
Epe, B., Henzl, H., Adam, W., & Saha-Möller, C. R. (1993) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/21.4.863 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Belvedere, A., Boscá, F., Catalfo, A., Cuquerella, M. C., de Guidi, G., & Miranda, M. A. (2002) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx025530i · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Crystal structure of a thymine–thymine adduct from irradiated thymine
Karle, I. L. (1969) · Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry · doi:10.1107/s056774086900522x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Mitchell, D. L., Allison, J. P., & Nairn, R. S. (1990) · Radiation Research · doi:10.2307/3577736 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Kang, S. J., Lee, Y. J., Kim, B. M., et al. (2011) · Drug and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.3109/01480545.2010.546800 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Reelfs, O., Xu, Y.-Z., Massey, A., Karran, P., & Storey, A. (2007) · Molecular Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0166 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Lu, Z.-X., Zhang, Z.-L., Zhang, M.-X., Xie, H.-Y., Tian, Z.-Q., Chen, P., Huang, H., & Pang, D.-W. (2005) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp054472h · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Swetha, S., Santhosh, S. M., & Geetha Balakrishna, R. (2010) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00781.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Discovery and Synthesis of New UV-Induced Intrastrand C(4−8)G and G(8−4)C Photolesions
Münzel, M., Szeibert, C., Glas, A. F., Globisch, D., & Carell, T. (2011) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja111304f · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Extent of formation of a dimeric adenine photoproduct in polynucleotides and DNA
Sharma, N. D., & Davies, R. J. H. (1989) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology · doi:10.1016/1011-1344(89)80066-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Traynor, N. J., & Gibbs, N. K. (1999) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb08308.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Photochemistry of Thymidylyl-(3'-5')- 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine in Aqueous Solution
Celewicz, L., Mayer, M., & Shetlar, M. D. (2004) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1562/2004-06-15-ra-201.1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Smith, S. I., & Brodbelt, J. S. (2010) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/b924023c · Cited by 25 · cited 1× · see citing works
“UV ⁄ESI-MS or IR multiphoton dissociation mass spectrometry has recently become available (173).”
Pinto, A. V., Deodato, E. L., Cardoso, J. S., Oliveira, E. F., Machado, S. L., Toma, H. K., Leitão, A. C., & de Pádula, M. (2010) · Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.02.003 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The photobiology of melanocytes modulates the impact of UVA on sunlight-induced melanoma
Mitchell, D. L., & Fernandez, A. A. (2011) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/c1pp05146f · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Photopheresis in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: current status
Zic, J. A. (2012) · Current Opinion in Oncology · doi:10.1097/01.cco.0000410158.56500.c4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Song, Q., Cannistraro, V. J., & Taylor, J. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.183178 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Cadet J., 1990, Bioorganic Photochemistry: Photochemistry and the Nucleic Acids, 1
- Kochevar I. E., Bioorganic Photochemistry: Photochemistry and the Nucleic Acids, 273
- 10.1021/ja954340 · DOI · Paper page
- Brankmann M., 1989, UVA‐induced 8‐MOP binding to cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biol., 3, 59
Cited by
Sorted by citations
DNA Base Damage by Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidizing Agents, and UV Radiation
Cadet, J., & Wagner, J. R. (2013) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012559 · Cited by 903 · see citing works
Self-citationFormation of UV-induced DNA damage contributing to skin cancer development
Cadet, J., & Douki, T. (2018) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/c7pp00395a · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Self-citationSunlight damage to cellular DNA: focus on oxidatively generated lesions
Schuch, A. P., Moreno, N. C., Schuch, N. J., Menck, C. F. M., & Garcia, C. C. M. (2017) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.029 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Cadet, J., Douki, T., & Ravanat, J. (2015) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.12368 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly Events of DNA Photodamage
Schreier, W. J., Gilch, P., & Zinth, W. (2015) · Annual Review of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev-physchem-040214-121821 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Mechanisms of UV-induced mutations and skin cancer
Pfeifer, G. P. (2020) · Genome Instability & Disease · doi:10.1007/s42764-020-00009-8 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
DNA repair diseases: what do they tell us about Cancer and aging?
Menck, C. F., & Munford, V. (2014) · Genetics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1590/s1415-47572014000200008 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Roles of UVA radiation and DNA damage responses in melanoma pathogenesis
Khan, A. Q., Travers, J. B., & Kemp, M. G. (2018) · Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis · doi:10.1002/em.22176 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Douki, T. (2013) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/c3pp25451h · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationDNA damage as a biological sensor for environmental sunlight
Schuch, A. P., Machado Garcia, C. C., Makita, K., & Menck, C. F. M. (2013) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/c3pp00004d · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Zhang (2017) · doi:10.3390/molecules23020228 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Roles of the KEAP1-NRF2 system in mammalian skin exposed to UV radiation
Ikehata, H., & Yamamoto, M. (2018) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2018.09.038 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Snell, J. A., Jandova, J., & Wondrak, G. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.887220 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Photosensitive human syndromes
Spivak, G., & Hanawalt, P. C. (2015) · Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.11.003 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Douki, T. (2016) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.12605 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationPhotobiological Origins of the Field of Genomic Maintenance
Ganesan, A., & Hanawalt, P. (2016) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.12542 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Meador, J. A., Baldwin, A. J., Pakulski, J. D., Jeffrey, W. H., Mitchell, D. L., & Douki, T. (2014) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12414 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, Y., Cacchillo, E. M., Niedzwiedzki, D. M., & Taylor, J. (2022) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.13529 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cadet, J., Mouret, S., Ravanat, J., & Douki, T.
- Affiliations
- Université Joseph Fourier (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Cadet, Jean
- Douki, Thierry
- Venue
- Photochemistry and Photobiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-08-30
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1048-1065
- ISSN
- 0031-8655 (ISSN-L)
- 1751-1097
- OpenAlex
- W2090287369
- Semantic Scholar
- 85d02c35f95a00966e70c7fb04d83874dd606a9e
- Cited by
- 300
- References
- 232
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Photochemistry and Photobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Keywords
- photoinduced DNA damage, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, UVA, UV-B radiation, photodynamic effect, DNA repair, photodamaged skin, mutagenicity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, DNA, DNA Damage, DNA Repair, Cricetinae, Humans, Oxidation-Reduction, Pyrimidine Dimers, Skin, Sunlight, Ultraviolet Rays, Keratinocytes, CHO Cells, Photosensitizing Agents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-05.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-05.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
