The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Prevalence of Depression–PTSD Comorbidity: Implications for Clinical Practice Guidelines and Primary Care-based Interventions
Open accessAbstract
Background Compared to those with depression alone, depressed patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experience more severe psychiatric symptomatology and factors that complicate treatment. Objective To estimate PTSD prevalence among depressed military veteran primary care patients and compare demographic/illness characteristics of PTSD screen-positive depressed patients (MDD-PTSD+) to those with depression alone (MDD). Design Cross-sectional comparison of MDD patients versus MDD-PTSD+ patients. Participants Six hundred seventy-seven randomly sampled depressed patients with at least 1 primary care visit in the previous 12 months. Participants composed the baseline sample of a group randomized trial of collaborative care for depression in 10 VA primary care practices in 5 states. Measurements The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 assessed MDD. Probable PTSD was defined as a Primary Care PTSD Screen > or = 3. Regression-based techniques compared MDD and MDD-PTSD+ patients on demographic/illness characteristics. Results Thirty-six percent of depressed patients screened positive for PTSD. Adjusting for sociodemographic differences and physical illness comorbidity, MDD-PTSD+ patients reported more severe depression (P < .001), lower social support (P < .001), more frequent outpatient health care visits (P < .001), and were more likely to report suicidal ideation (P < .001) than MDD patients. No differences were observed in alcohol consumption, self-reported general health, and physical illness comorbidity. Conclusions PTSD is more common among depressed primary care patients than previously thought. Comorbid PTSD among depressed patients is associated with increased illness burden, poorer prognosis, and delayed response to depression treatment. Providers should consider recommending psychotherapeutic interventions for depressed patients with PTSD.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The comorbidity between PTSD and depression is supported by many studies (Bleich et al., 1997; Campbell et al., 2007; O’Donnell et al., 2014), so we assume that depression-related rumination is positively associated with PTSD.”
From Coexistence and different determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among Chinese survivors after earthquake: role of resilience and rumination (2015) · cites this paper as Campbell et al., 2007
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2022) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 · Cited by 23,476
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012 · Cited by 10,379
Sherbourne, C. D., & Stewart, A. L. (1991) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90150-b · Cited by 6,643
Bush, K. (1998) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.158.16.1789 · Cited by 6,196
Combat Duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, Mental Health Problems, and Barriers to Care
Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa040603 · Cited by 4,778
Hoge, C. W., Auchterlonie, J. L., & Milliken, C. S. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.9.1023 · Cited by 2,027
A Multidimensional Meta-Analysis of Psychotherapy for PTSD
Bradley, R., Greene, J., Russ, E., Dutra, L., & Westen, D. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.214 · Cited by 1,938
Norris, F. H. (1992) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.60.3.409 · Cited by 1,527
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- American Psychiatric Association Workgroup on Major Depressive Disorder. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder, 2nd edition. Washington: 2000; American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. Website: http://www.psych.org/psych_pract/treatg/pg/Depression2e.book.cfm .
- Hankin CS, Spiro III A, Miller DR, Kazis L. Mental disorders and mental health treatment among US Department of Veterans Affairs outpatients: the Veterans Health Study. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1924–30. · DOI · Paper page
- Office of Quality and Performance. FY2005 VA Performance Measurement System Technical Manual. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration; 2005.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Quantifying Mental Health Signals in Twitter
Coppersmith, G., Dredze, M., & Harman, C. (2014) · Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Linguistic Signal to Clinical Reality · doi:10.3115/v1/w14-3207 · Cited by 722
“…as it is in line with known patterns of comorbidity: major depressive disorder, PTSD, and bipolar all have observed comorbidity (Brady et al., 2000; Campbell et al., 2007; McElroy et al., 2001) while SAD is currently considered a specifier of major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder (American…”
BackgroundFlory, J. D., & Yehuda, R. (2015) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2015.17.2/jflory · Cited by 629
Cook, N., Ayers, S., & Horsch, A. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.045 · Cited by 481
Forecasting the onset and course of mental illness with Twitter data
Reece, A. G., Reagan, A. J., Lix, K. L. M., Dodds, P. S., Danforth, C. M., & Langer, E. J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12961-9 · Cited by 401
Panagioti, M., Gooding, P. A., & Tarrier, N. (2012) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.02.009 · Cited by 280
“Two studies [1,20] were excluded because they reported the same data in more recent articles [21,22].”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Campbell, D. G., Felker, B. L., Liu, C.-F., Yano, E. M., Kirchner, J. E., Chan, D., Rubenstein, L. V., & Chaney, E. F.
- Affiliations
- Health Services Research & Development (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System (US)
- RAND Corporation (US)
- Corresponding author
- Campbell, Duncan G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of General Internal Medicine
- Published
- 2007-01-24
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 711-718
- ISSN
- 0884-8734 (ISSN-L)
- 1525-1497
- PMC
- PMC2219856
- OpenAlex
- W2030974975
- Cited by
- 458
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 10.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of General Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- Pfizer
- RAND Corporation
- Health Services Research and Development
- University of Washington
- University of Montana
- University of California, Los Angeles
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD prevalence, comorbidities, military veterans, primary care, collaborative care, suicidal ideation, social support, PHQ-9, PTSD screening, treatment response
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Practice Guidelines as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
