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Cited by 40Diabetes and associated disordersDiabetes Management and ResearchT-cell and B-cell Immunology

Autoimmunity and familial risk of type 1 diabetes

Hämäläinen, Anu-Maaria, Knip, Mikael·2002·Current Diabetes Reports
DOI 10.1007/s11892-002-0025-2
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Abstract

There is evidence that the process leading to type I diabetes may start in early infancy or already in utero. Even though diabetes-associated antibodies can be detected in up to half of the pregnancies of mothers with type I diabetes, pregnancy itself has no major effect on these antibodies. If such antibodies are present in the mother, they are transferred to the fetal circulation and are detectable in cord blood. Most of the transplacentally transferred antibodies disappear by 6 months of age, but may persist even longer. Antibodies present in cord blood may represent true induction of beta-cell autoimmunity, but such a phenomenon is extremely rare. The offspring of affected mothers have a 2% to 3% risk of type I diabetes, which is about one third of that in the offspring of affected fathers. A novel conceivable explanation is that exogenous insulin transplacentally transferred in immune complexes might lead to the induction of tolerance to insulin, which may be the primary autoantigen in type I diabetes. The possible protective or predisposing effect of diabetes-associated antibodies detectable at birth on progression to clinical type I diabetes later will be assessed in ongoing prospective birth cohort studies.

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  • Siblings of children with type 1 diabetes onset before age 5 have a three- to five-fold greater cumulative risk of diabetes by age 20 compared with siblings of children diagnosed between 5 and 15 years.

    “Siblings of children with onset of T1D before the age of 5 years have a three- to five-fold greater cumulative risk of diabetes by age 20 compared to siblings of children diagnosed between 5 and 15 years of age50.”

    From Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [50]

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Authors
Hämäläinen, A.-M., & Knip, M.
Affiliations
Helsinki University Hospital (FI)
ORCID
Knip, Mikael
Venue
Current Diabetes Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2002-07
Volume
2
Issue
4
Pages
347-353
ISSN
  • 1534-4827 (ISSN-L)
  • 1539-0829
DOI
10.1007/s11892-002-0025-2
OpenAlex
W2115844970
Cited by
40
References
50
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 3
FWCI
0.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Current Diabetes Reports (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Keywords
type 1 diabetes, islet autoimmunity, familial risk, maternal diabetes, pregnancy, cord blood antibodies, transplacental transfer, insulin tolerance, immune complexes, offspring risk, birth cohort studies
MeSH terms
Autoantibodies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Disease Susceptibility, Fathers, Female, Fetus, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Islets of Langerhans, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Pregnancy, Pregnancy in Diabetics, Risk Factors, Autoimmunity

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