Differentiation of diabetes by pathophysiology, natural history, and prognosis
Open accessAbstract
The American Diabetes Association, JDRF, the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists convened a research symposium, "The Differentiation of Diabetes by Pathophysiology, Natural History and Prognosis" on 10-12 October 2015. International experts in genetics, immunology, metabolism, endocrinology, and systems biology discussed genetic and environmental determinants of type 1 and type 2 diabetes risk and progression, as well as complications. The participants debated how to determine appropriate therapeutic approaches based on disease pathophysiology and stage and defined remaining research gaps hindering a personalized medical approach for diabetes to drive the field to address these gaps. The authors recommend a structure for data stratification to define the phenotypes and genotypes of subtypes of diabetes that will facilitate individualized treatment.
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Three distinct stages of type 1 diabetes have been defined and serve as a framework for research and regulatory decision-making.
“Three distinct stages of type 1 diabetes have been defi ned ( Table 2.3 ) and serve as a framework for research and regulatory decisionmaking (40,47).”
From 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024</i> (2024) · cites this paper as [40]
T2DM development stems from various genetic and/or environmental factors and is characterized by deficient pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion and decreased sensitivity/responsiveness of insulin-sensitive tissues to insulin.
“T2DM development stems from various genetic and/or environmental factors and is characterized by deficient pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion and decreased sensitivity/responsiveness of insulin-sensitive tissues to insulin [18].”
From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [18]
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2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024</i>
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Bannuru, R. R., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Ekhlaspour, L., Gaglia, J. L., Hilliard, M. E., Johnson, E. L., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-s002 · Cited by 2,086 · see citing works
2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes
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2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2025
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., McCoy, R. G., Aleppo, G., Balapattabi, K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., Bruemmer, D., Ebekozien, O., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-s002 · Cited by 1,393 · see citing works
Dapas, M., Lin, F. T. J., Nadkarni, G. N., Sisk, R., Legro, R. S., Urbanek, M., Hayes, M. G., & Dunaif, A. (2020) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003132 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Redondo, M. J., Steck, A. K., & Pugliese, A. (2018) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12597 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
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“T2DM development stems from various genetic and/or environmental factors and is characterized by deficient pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion and decreased sensitivity/responsiveness of insulin-sensitive tissues to insulin [18].”
BackgroundDiabetes and Cancer: Risk, Challenges, Management and Outcomes
Shahid, R. K., Ahmed, S., Le, D., & Yadav, S. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13225735 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Insulin Therapy in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: a Narrative Review
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Benefits and harms of intensive glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes
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Tirzepatide for the treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes: An endocrine perspective
De Block, C., Bailey, C., Wysham, C., Hemmingway, A., Allen, S. E., & Peleshok, J. (2023) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14831 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
GLP-1a: Going beyond Traditional Use
Laurindo, L. F., Barbalho, S. M., Guiguer, E. L., da Silva Soares de Souza, M., de Souza, G. A., Fidalgo, T. M., Araújo, A. C., de Souza Gonzaga, H. F., de Bortoli Teixeira, D., de Oliveira Silva Ullmann, T., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23020739 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Alpha cell dysfunction in type 1 diabetes
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WITHDRAWN: Reprint of: Classification of diabetes mellitus
Adler, A., Bennett, P., Chair, S. C., Gregg, E., Venkat Narayan, K. M., Schmidt, M. I., Sobngwi, E., Tajima, N., Tandon, N., Unwin, N., et al. (2021) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108972 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
RetractedLawrence, J. M., Slezak, J. M., Quesenberry, C., Li, X., Yu, L., Rewers, M., Alexander, J. G., Takhar, H. S., Sridhar, S., Albright, A., et al. (2021) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108624 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Zhang, B., Wang, Q., Zhang, X., Jiang, L., Li, L., & Liu, B. (2021) · BMC Ophthalmology · doi:10.1186/s12886-021-01883-w · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Sidorenkov, G., van Boven, J. F. M., Hoekstra, T., Nijpels, G., Hoogenberg, K., & Denig, P. (2018) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13332 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
- Authors
- Skyler, J. S., Bakris, G. L., Bonifacio, E., Darsow, T., Eckel, R. H., Groop, L., Groop, P.-H., Handelsman, Y., Insel, R. A., Mathieu, C., McElvaine, A. T., Palmer, J. P., Pugliese, A., Schatz, D. A., Sosenko, J. M., Wilding, J. P. H., & Ratner, R. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- American Diabetes Association (US)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Lund University (SE)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Metabolic Institute of America, Tarzana, CA
- Breakthrough T1D (US)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Florida Health (US)
- Aintree University Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- McElvaine, Allison T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2016-12-15
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 241-255
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- PMC
- PMC5384660
- OpenAlex
- W2561206249
- Cited by
- 823
- References
- 181
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 142 · 2020: 112 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 5.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U01DK085461, P30DK017047)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, diabetes pathophysiology, diabetes prognosis, diabetes complications, genetic risk factors, environmental risk factors, disease progression, personalized medicine, diabetes subtypes, data stratification
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Genotype, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Phenotype, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Disease Progression, Diabetes Complications, Precision Medicine
About these checks
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