The DOI matches its Crossref record; 124 of the 124 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: Where Are We and Where Are We Going?
Open accessAbstract
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE, previously called punch drunk and dementia pugilistica) has a rich history in the medical literature in association with boxing, but has only recently been recognized with other contact sports, such as football and ice hockey, as well as with military blast injuries. CTE is thought to be a neurodegenerative disease associated with repeated concussive and subconcussive blows to the head. There is characteristic gross and microscopic pathology found in the brain, including frontal and temporal atrophy, axonal degeneration, and hyperphosphorylated tau and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 pathology. Clinically, there are characteristic progressive deficits in cognition (memory, executive dysfunction), behavior (explosivity, aggression), mood (depression, suicidality), and motor function (parkinsonism), which correlate with the anatomic distribution of brain pathology. While CTE shares clinical and neuropathological traits with other neurodegenerative diseases, the clinical syndrome and the neuropathology as a whole are distinct from other neurodegenerative diseases. Here we review the CTE literature to date. We also draw on the literature from mild traumatic brain injury and other neurodegenerative dementias, particularly when these studies provide guidance for future CTE research. We conclude by suggesting seven essential areas for future CTE research.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In conclusion, the prevailing theory of CTE, often expressed in articles as fact, is that it is a distinct (1, 3, 9-11) and unique (10) neurodegenerative disease (9-13).”
From Mild Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Neuropathology in People With No Known Participation in Contact Sports or History of Repetitive Neurotrauma (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia
Rascovsky, K., Hodges, J. R., Knopman, D., Mendez, M. F., Kramer, J. H., Neuhaus, J., van Swieten, J. C., Seelaar, H., Dopper, E. G. P., Onyike, C. U., et al. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr179 · Cited by 5,221
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci
Yudofsky, S. C., & Hales, R. E. (1992) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.4.4.359 · Cited by 3,818
Diffusion tensor imaging: Concepts and applications
Le Bihan, D., Mangin, J., Poupon, C., Clark, C. A., Pappata, S., Molko, N., & Chabriat, H. (2001) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.1076 · Cited by 3,547
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (U.S.). Division of Injury Response., Faul, M., Wald, M. M., Wu, L., & Coronado, V. G. (2010) · doi:10.15620/cdc.5571 · Cited by 3,494
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: Progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury
McKee, A. C., Cantu, R. C., Nowinski, C. J., Hedley-Whyte, E. T., Gavett, B. E., Budson, A. E., Santini, V. E., Lee, H.-S., Kubilus, C. A., & Stern, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e3181a9d503 · Cited by 2,295
Self-citationThe spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy
McKee, A. C., Stein, T. D., Nowinski, C. J., Stern, R. A., Daneshvar, D. H., Alvarez, V. E., Lee, H.-S., Hall, G., Wojtowicz, S. M., Baugh, C. M., et al. (2013) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws307 · Cited by 2,098
Self-citationGuskiewicz, K. M., McCrea, M., Marshall, S. W., Cantu, R. C., Randolph, C., Barr, W., Onate, J. A., & Kelly, J. P. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.19.2549 · Cited by 1,712
Axonal pathology in traumatic brain injury
Johnson, V. E., Stewart, W., & Smith, D. H. (2013) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.01.013 · Cited by 1,273
Guskiewicz, K. M., Marshall, S. W., Bailes, J. E., McCrea, M., Cantu, R. C., RANDOLPH, C. C., & Jordan, B. D. (2005) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1093/neurosurgery/57.4.719 · Cited by 1,226
Guskiewicz, K. M., Marshall, S. W., Bailes, J., McCrea, M., Cantu, R. C., Randolph, C., & Jordan, B. D. (2005) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000175725.75780.dd · Cited by 1,197
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR fourth edition. American Psychiatric Publishing; 2000.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Puvenna, V., Engeler, M., Banjara, M., Brennan, C., Schreiber, P., Dadas, A., Bahrami, A., Solanki, J., Bandyopadhyay, A., Morris, J. K., et al. (2016) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.007 · Cited by 144
Mez, J., Solomon, T. M., Daneshvar, D. H., Murphy, L., Kiernan, P. T., Montenigro, P. H., Kriegel, J., Abdolmohammadi, B., Fry, B. T., Babcock, K. J., et al. (2015) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-015-0148-8 · Cited by 153
Self-citationOjo, J. O., Mouzon, B., Algamal, M., Leary, P., Lynch, C., Abdullah, L. I., Evans, J., MULLAN, M. J., Bachmeier, C. J., Stewart, W. B., Jr., et al. (2016) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlw035 · Cited by 134
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: Historical Origins and Current Perspective
Montenigro, P. H., Stein, T. D., Cantu, R. C., & Stern, R. A. (2015) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112814 · Cited by 133
Self-citationSubconcussive Blows to the Head
Belanger, H. G., Vanderploeg, R. D., & McAllister, T. W. (2015) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000138 · Cited by 111
Metadata
- Authors
- Mez, J., Stern, R. A., & McKee, A. C.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mez, Jesse
- Venue
- Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
- Published
- 2013-10-18
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 407-407
- ISSN
- 1528-4042 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-6293
- PMC
- PMC4550089
- OpenAlex
- W2043633971
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 124
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 1.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG013846, P30-AG13846))
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (T32NS007153, R01NS078337)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- chronic traumatic encephalopathy, repetitive head impacts, concussion, subconcussive impacts, tau hyperphosphorylation, TDP-43, axonal degeneration, cognitive impairment, executive dysfunction, parkinsonism, mild traumatic brain injury, neurodegenerative dementia, contact sports, future research directions
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Boxing, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neuropsychological Tests, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Biomarkers, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon, Brain Injury, Chronic, Positron-Emission Tomography, Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
