Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: Neurodegeneration following repetitive concussive and subconcussive brain trauma
Abstract
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease thought to be caused, at least in part, by repetitive brain trauma, including concussive and subconcussive injuries. It is thought to result in executive dysfunction, memory impairment, depression and suicidality, apathy, poor impulse control, and eventually dementia. Beyond repetitive brain trauma, the risk factors for CTE remain unknown. CTE is neuropathologically characterized by aggregation and accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau and TDP-43. Recent postmortem findings indicate that CTE may affect a broader population than was initially conceptualized, particularly contact sport athletes and those with a history of military combat. Given the large population that could potentially be affected, CTE may represent an important issue in public health. Although there has been greater public awareness brought to the condition in recent years, there are still many research questions that remain. Thus far, CTE can only be diagnosed post-mortem. Current research efforts are focused on the creation of clinical diagnostic criteria, finding objective biomarkers for CTE, and understanding the additional risk factors and underlying mechanism that causes the disease. This review examines research to date and suggests future directions worthy of exploration.
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In publications from 2005-2015, CTE has been described as a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by a broad and diverse range of both macroscopic and microscopic neuropathology.
“In publications from 2005–2015, CTE has been described as a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by a broad and diverse range of both macroscopic and microscopic neuropathology.”
From The Need to Separate Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Neuropathology from Clinical Features (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
Over the past decade, the clinical features attributed to CTE have been expanded greatly and include virtually any mental health or neurological symptom or problem present prior to death.
“Over the past decade, the clinical features attributed to CTE have been expanded greatly and include virtually any mental health or neurological symptom or problem present prior to death”
From The Need to Separate Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Neuropathology from Clinical Features (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
The prevailing theory of CTE, often expressed in articles as fact, is that it is a distinct and unique neurodegenerative disease.
“In conclusion, the prevailing theory of CTE, often expressed in articles as fact, is that it is a distinct (1, 3, 9-11) and unique (10) neurodegenerative disease (9-13).”
From Mild Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Neuropathology in People With No Known Participation in Contact Sports or History of Repetitive Neurotrauma (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Baugh, C. M., Stamm, J. M., Riley, D. O., Gavett, B. E., Shenton, M. E., Lin, A., Nowinski, C. J., Cantu, R. C., McKee, A. C., & Stern, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- University of Colorado Colorado Springs (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stern, Robert A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain Imaging and Behavior
- Published
- 2012-05-03
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 244-254
- ISSN
- 1931-7557 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-7565
- OpenAlex
- W2035438756
- Cited by
- 486
- References
- 67
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- FWCI
- 37.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Brain Imaging and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG013846, P30-AG13846))
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS078337)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
- Keywords
- chronic traumatic encephalopathy, concussion, neurodegeneration, hyperphosphorylated tau, TDP-43, executive dysfunction, memory impairment, contact athletes, military combat, postmortem diagnosis, clinical criteria, biomarkers, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Brain Concussion, Humans, Brain Injury, Chronic, Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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