The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Borderline personality disorder and childhood trauma: Evidence for a causal relationship
Abstract
The debate over whether childhood trauma is a causative factor in the development of borderline personality disorder continues in the literature despite decades of research. This review examines this body of literature published from 1995 through 2007 to assess the strength of evidence for such a causal relationship. A unique conceptual approach was used, as we considered the literature in the context of Hill's classic criteria for demonstrating causation. Results of this review suggest that evidence supports the causal relationship, particularly if the relationship is considered as part of a multifactorial etiologic model. Directions for future research and clinical implications are discussed.
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“Furthermore, the early rejection experiences proposed to underlie RS may overlap within the invalidating environments frequently observed in the childhood of people with BPD (Ball & Links, 2009;Crowell, Beauchaine, & Linehan, 2009).”
From The link between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as Ball & Links, 2009
Citations
Cites
Borderline personality disorder
Lieb, K., Zanarini, M. C., Schmahl, C., Linehan, M. M., & Bohus, M. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16770-6 · Cited by 1,369
Gene-environment interplay and psychopathology: multiple varieties but real effects
Rutter, M., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01557.x · Cited by 1,058
Childhood Maltreatment Increases Risk for Personality Disorders During Early Adulthood
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E. M., & Bernstein, D. P. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.7.600 · Cited by 839
Current information on the scope and nature of child sexual abuse
Finkelhor, D. (1994) · The Future of Children · doi:10.2307/1602522 · Cited by 804
Strategy for Investigating Interactions Between Measured Genes and Measured Environments
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Rutter, M. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.473 · Cited by 784
A 27-year follow-up of patients with borderline personality disorder
Paris, J., & Zweig-Frank, H. (2001) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1053/comp.2001.26271 · Cited by 507
Battle, C. L., Shea, M. T., Johnson, D. M., Yen, S., Zlotnick, C., Zanarini, M. C., Sanislow, C. A., Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., Grilo, C. M., et al. (2004) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.18.2.193.32777 · Cited by 492
The children in the community study of developmental course of personality disorder
Cohen, P., Crawford, T. N., Johnson, J. G., & Kasen, S. (2005) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2005.19.5.466 · Cited by 433
McDonagh, A., Friedman, M. J., McHugo, G. J., Ford, J. D., Sengupta, A., Mueser, K. T., Demment, C. C., Fournier, D. A., Schnurr, P. P., & Descamps, M. J. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.3.515 · Cited by 422
CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER
Zanarini, M. C. (2000) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70145-3 · Cited by 377
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Linehan MM: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press; 1993.
Cited by
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Annual research review: enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect
Teicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12507 · Cited by 1,473
Emotion Modulation in PTSD: Clinical and Neurobiological Evidence for a Dissociative Subtype
Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B., Schmahl, C., Bremner, J. D., & Spiegel, D. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081168 · Cited by 1,123
Fonagy, P., Luyten, P., & Allison, E. (2015) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2015.29.5.575 · Cited by 572
“Among individuals with personality disorders, rates of childhood trauma are high (73% report abuse, of which 34% is sexual abuse, and 82% report neglect; Ball & Links, 2009; Chanen & Kaess, 2012).”
BackgroundChildhood adversity and borderline personality disorder: a meta‐analysis
Porter, C., Palmier‐Claus, J., Branitsky, A., Mansell, W., Warwick, H., & Varese, F. (2020) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13118 · Cited by 450
The effects of early life stress on reward processing
Novick, A. M., Levandowski, M. L., Laumann, L. E., Philip, N. S., Price, L. H., & Tyrka, A. R. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.02.002 · Cited by 192
Metadata
- Authors
- Ball, J. S., & Links, P. S.
- Affiliations
- St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Ball, Jeffrey S.
- Venue
- Current Psychiatry Reports
- Published
- 2009-01-22
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 63-68
- ISSN
- 1523-3812 (ISSN-L)
- 1535-1645
- OpenAlex
- W1994608326
- Cited by
- 320
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 1.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Current Psychiatry Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- borderline personality disorder, childhood trauma, causal relationship, etiology, multifactorial etiology, quality of evidence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Borderline Personality Disorder, Brain, Child, Child Abuse, Child Abuse, Sexual, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Life Change Events, Object Attachment, Risk Factors, Self Concept, Causality
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