The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Disaster Media Coverage and Psychological Outcomes: Descriptive Findings in the Extant Research
Open accessAbstract
This review of the literature on disaster media coverage describes the events, samples, and forms of media coverage (television, newspapers, radio, internet) studied and examines the association between media consumption and psychological outcomes. A total of 36 studies representing both man-made and natural events met criteria for review in this analysis. Most studies examined disaster television viewing in the context of terrorism and explored a range of outcomes including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) caseness and posttraumatic stress (PTS), depression, anxiety, stress reactions, and substance use. There is good evidence establishing a relationship between disaster television viewing and various psychological outcomes, especially PTSD caseness and PTS, but studies are too few to draw definitive conclusions about the other forms of media coverage that have been examined. As media technology continues to advance, future research is needed to investigate these additional media forms especially newer forms such as social media.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Recent research provided extensive evidence that indirect exposure is associated with stress symptoms and other psychopathologies comparable to those linked to direct exposure [13,16,23-27].”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A large body of previous research has convincingly established the association between media exposure and symptoms of posttraumatic stress related to various life-threatening stressors, such as war conflicts [9,10], terrorism and other acts of mass violence [11-15], natural disasters [16,17], and recently also the COVID-19 pandemic”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A National Survey of Stress Reactions after the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks
Schuster, M. A., Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Collins, R. L., Marshall, G. N., Elliott, M. N., Zhou, A. J., Kanouse, D. E., Morrison, J. L., & Berry, S. H. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200111153452024 · Cited by 1,728
Media’s role in broadcasting acute stress following the Boston Marathon bombings
Holman, E. A., Garfin, D. R., & Silver, R. C. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1316265110 · Cited by 513
Television Images and Psychological Symptoms after the September 11 Terrorist Attacks
Ahern, J., Galea, S., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J., & Vlahov, D. (2002) · Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes · doi:10.1521/psyc.65.4.289.20240 · Cited by 363
Neria, Y., Gross, R., Litz, B., Maguen, S., Insel, B., Seirmarco, G., Rosenfeld, H., Suh, E. J., Kishon, R., Cook, J., et al. (2007) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20223 · Cited by 245
Television Images and Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After September 11
Ahern, J., Galea, S., Resnick, H. S., & Vlahov, D. (2004) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000116465.99830.ca · Cited by 192
Cho, J., Boyle, M. P., Keum, H., Shevy, M. D., McLeod, D. M., Shah, D. V., & Pan, Z. (2003) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4703_1 · Cited by 186
Blanchard, E. B., Kuhn, E. R., Rowell, D., Hickling, E. J., Wittrock, D. A., Rogers, R. L., Johnson, M. R., & Cowart-Steckler, D. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00118-9 · Cited by 177
Television Watching and the Risk of Incident Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Bernstein, K. T., Ahern, J., Tracy, M., Boscarino, J. A., Vlahov, D., & Galea, S. (2007) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000244784.36745.a5 · Cited by 107
Collimore, K. C., McCabe, R. E., Carleton, R. N., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.11.002 · Cited by 103
A Snapshot of Terror: Acute Posttraumatic Responses to the September 11 Attack
Cardeña, E., Dennis, J., Winkel, M., & Skitka, L. J. (2005) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1300/j229v06n02_07 · Cited by 92
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Que, J., Shi, L., Deng, J., Liu, J., Zhang, L., Wu, S., Gong, Y., Huang, W., Yuan, K., Yan, W., et al. (2020) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100259 · Cited by 568
Ogunbode, C. A., Doran, R., Hanss, D., Ojala, M., Salmela-Aro, K., van den Broek, K. L., Bhullar, N., Aquino, S. D., Marot, T., Schermer, J. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101887 · Cited by 549
Rosenfield, S., & Mouzon, D. M. (2012) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_14 · Cited by 592
Ecological disasters and mental Health: Causes, consequences, and interventions
Morganstein, J. C., & Ursano, R. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00001 · Cited by 327
“This research has consistently found that increased exposure to media after disasters is associated with adverse outcomes (43, 44).”
BackgroundZhao, N., & Zhou, G. (2020) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12226 · Cited by 365
“Although the negative impacts of disaster media exposure on a range of psychological outcomes have been demonstrated (see the review by Pfefferbaum et al., 2014), secondary traumatic stress (STS) was not adequately addressed (Ben-Zur, Gil, & Shamshins, 2012; Blanchard et al., 2004).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Pfefferbaum, B., Newman, E., Nelson, S. D., Nitiéma, P., Pfefferbaum, R. L., & Rahman, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (US)
- University of Tulsa (US)
- Phoenix College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pfefferbaum, Betty
- Venue
- Current Psychiatry Reports
- Published
- 2014-07-27
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 464-464
- ISSN
- 1523-3812 (ISSN-L)
- 1535-1645
- PMC
- PMC4144190
- OpenAlex
- W2148450146
- Cited by
- 230
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 20.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Current Psychiatry Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Oklahoma
- National Institute of Mental Health (R25MH070569)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Communication › Public Relations and Crisis Communication
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Disaster Management and Resilience
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, post-traumatic stress, psychological outcomes, terrorism, media use, depression, anxiety, substance use, natural disasters, man-made disasters, social media
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Mental Disorders, Disasters, Fear, Humans, Mass Media, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
