Television Images and Psychological Symptoms after the September 11 Terrorist Attacks

Ahern, Jennifer; Galea, Sandro; Resnick, Heidi; Kilpatrick, Dean; Bucuvalas, Michael; Gold, Joel; Vlahov, David

doi:10.1521/psyc.65.4.289.20240

Cited by 363Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchCOVID-19 and Mental HealthTerrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence

Television Images and Psychological Symptoms after the September 11 Terrorist Attacks

Ahern, Jennifer, Galea, Sandro, Resnick, Heidi, Kilpatrick, Dean, Bucuvalas, Michael, Gold, Joel, Vlahov, David·2002·Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes

DOI 10.1521/psyc.65.4.289.20240

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Abstract

Exposure to graphic television images may exacerbate psychological symptoms in disaster situations. We tested the hypotheses that (1) more frequent viewing of television images of the September 11 terrorist attacks was associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, and that (2) direct exposure to disaster events had an interactive effect with media viewing. We recruited 1,008 adult residents of the borough of Manhattan in New York City through a random-digit-dial telephone survey conducted between October 16 and November 15, 2001. Respondents who repeatedly saw "people falling or jumping from the towers of the World Trade Center" had higher prevalence of PTSD (17.4%) and depression (14.7%) than those who did not (6.2% and 5.3%, respectively). Among respondents who were directly affected by the attacks (e.g., had a friend killed), those who watched this television image frequently were more likely to have PTSD and depression than those who did not. Among respondents not directly affected by the attacks, prevalence of PTSD and depression was not associated with frequency of television image viewing. Specific disaster-related television images were associated with PTSD and depression among persons who were directly exposed to a disaster. Future research should address causal directionality of this association.

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A large body of previous research has established an association between media exposure and symptoms of posttraumatic stress related to various life-threatening stressors.
“A large body of previous research has convincingly established the association between media exposure and symptoms of posttraumatic stress related to various life-threatening stressors, such as war conflicts [9,10], terrorism and other acts of mass violence [11-15], natural disasters [16,17], and recently also the COVID-19 pandemic”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [11]

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Television Images and Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After September 11
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES Television Images and Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After September 11 The Role of Background Characteristics, Event Exposures, and
Panic, P. (2015)
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES Television Watching and the Risk of Incident Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder A Prospective Evaluation
Bernstein, K. T., Ahern, J., Tracy, M., & Galea, S. (2015)
Self-citation

Authors: Ahern, J., Galea, S., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J., & Vlahov, D.
Affiliations: New York Academy of Medicine (US)
Medical University of South Carolina (US)
Schulman, Ronca & Bucuvalas (US)
Bellevue Hospital Center (US)
ORCID: Ahern, Jennifer
Galea, Sandro
Kilpatrick, Dean
Vlahov, David
Venue: Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes
Publisher: Guilford Publications
Published: 2002-12
Volume: 65
Issue: 4
Pages: 289-300
ISSN: 0033-2747 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1521/psyc.65.4.289.20240
OpenAlex: W2047238444
Cited by: 363
References: 19
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 23.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA014219, R01 DA14219-01S1)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
Keywords: September 11 attacks, television images, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, media exposure, disaster exposure, World Trade Center, psychological symptoms
MeSH terms: Adult, Data Collection, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Models, Psychological, New York City, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Television, Terrorism

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Television Images and Psychological Symptoms after the September 11 Terrorist Attacks

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