Genome-Wide Network Analysis of DRG-Sciatic Nerve Network-Inferred Cellular Senescence and Senescence Phenotype in Peripheral Sensory Neurons
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Accumulation of senescent neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is an important tissue phenotype that causes age-related degeneration of peripheral sensory nerves. Senescent neurons are neurons with arrested cell cycle that have undergone cellular senescence but remain in the tissue and play various biological roles. To understand the accumulation of senescent neurons in the DRG during aging, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism that induces cellular senescence in DRG neurons and the role of senescent DRG neurons. We integrated multiple public transcriptome datasets for DRGs, which include cell bodies in neurons, and the sciatic nerve, which includes axons in neurons, using network medicine-based bioinformatics analysis. We thus inferred the molecular mechanisms involved in cellular senescence of DRG neurons, from molecular responses to senescence, in the DRG-sciatic nerve network. Network medicine-based bioinformatics analysis revealed that age-related Mapk3 decline leads to impaired cholesterol metabolism and biosynthetic function in axons, resulting in compensatory upregulation of Srebf1, a transcription factor involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism. This in turn leads to CDKN2A-mediated cellular senescence. Furthermore, our analysis revealed that senescent DRG neurons develop a senescence phenotype characterized by activation of antigen-presenting cells via upregulation of Ctss as a hub gene. B cells were inferred as antigen-presenting cells activated by Ctss, and CD8-positive T cells were inferred as cells that receive antigen presentation from B cells.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2
Love, M. I., Huber, W., & Anders, S. (2014) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0550-8 · Cited by 95,106 · see citing works
Subramanian, A., Tamayo, P., Mootha, V. K., Mukherjee, S., Ebert, B. L., Gillette, M. A., Paulovich, A., Pomeroy, S. L., Golub, T. R., Lander, E. S., et al. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0506580102 · Cited by 53,625 · see citing works
WGCNA: an R package for weighted correlation network analysis
Langfelder, P., & Horvath, S. (2008) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-9-559 · Cited by 27,252 · see citing works
Robust enumeration of cell subsets from tissue expression profiles
Newman, A. M., Liu, C. L., Green, M. R., Gentles, A. J., Feng, W., Xu, Y., Hoang, C. D., Diehn, M., & Alizadeh, A. A. (2015) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.3337 · Cited by 12,116 · see citing works
Szklarczyk, D., Kirsch, R., Koutrouli, M., Nastou, K., Mehryary, F., Hachilif, R., Gable, A. L., Fang, T., Doncheva, N. T., Pyysalo, S., et al. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkac1000 · Cited by 9,726 · see citing works
The senescence-associated secretory phenotype: the dark side of tumor suppression
Coppé, J.-P., Desprez, P.-Y., Krtolica, A., & Campisi, J. (2010) · Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-121808-102144 · Cited by 5,206 · see citing works
Senolytics improve physical function and increase lifespan in old age
Xu, M., Pirtskhalava, T., Farr, J. N., Weigand, B. M., Palmer, A. K., Weivoda, M. M., Inman, C. L., Ogrodnik, M. B., Hachfeld, C. M., Fraser, D. G., et al. (2018) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0092-9 · Cited by 2,287 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In recent years, senescent cell-depleting drugs (senolytic drugs) have been developed to address the various adverse effects of senescent cells through SASP, which have significantly improved aging-associated decline in tissue function [19–22].”
Senolytic drugs: from discovery to translation
Kirkland, J. L., & Tchkonia, T. (2020) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13141 · Cited by 1,227 · see citing works
Senescence and the SASP: many therapeutic avenues
Birch, J., & Gil, J. (2020) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.343129.120 · Cited by 1,177 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, senescent neurons trigger the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which secretes various factors, including inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes [12–14].”
Cellular senescence and senolytics: the path to the clinic
Chaib, S., Tchkonia, T., & Kirkland, J. L. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01923-y · Cited by 1,105 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In recent years, senescent cell-depleting drugs (senolytic drugs) have been developed to address the various adverse effects of senescent cells through SASP, which have significantly improved aging-associated decline in tissue function [19–22].”
Influence of aging on peripheral nerve function and regeneration
Verdú, E., Ceballos, D., Vilches, J., & Navarro, X. (2000) · Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System · doi:10.1046/j.1529-8027.2000.00026.x · Cited by 857 · see citing works
The senescence-associated secretory phenotype and its regulation
Lopes-Paciencia, S., Saint-Germain, E., Rowell, M.-C., Ruiz, A. F., Kalegari, P., & Ferbeyre, G. (2019) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2019.01.013 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Tau protein aggregation is associated with cellular senescence in the brain
Musi, N., Valentine, J. M., Sickora, K. R., Baeuerle, E., Thompson, C. S., Shen, Q., & Orr, M. E. (2018) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12840 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Hou, Y., Wei, Y. Q., Lautrup, S., Yang, B., Wang, Y., Cordonnier, S. A., Mattson, M. P., Croteau, D. L., & Bohr, V. A. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2011226118 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
The Clinical potential of Senolytic Drugs
Kirkland, J. L., Tchkonia, T., Zhu, Y., Niedernhofer, L. J., & Robbins, P. D. (2017) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.14969 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Markers of cellular senescence. Telomere shortening as a marker of cellular senescence
Bernadotte, A., Mikhelson, V. M., & Spivak, I. M. (2016) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.100871 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Defined p16High Senescent Cell Types Are Indispensable for Mouse Healthspan
Grosse, L., Wagner, N., Emelyanov, A., Molina, C., Lacas-Gervais, S., Wagner, K.-D., & Bulavin, D. V. (2020) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.05.002 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Ageing, Cellular Senescence and Neurodegenerative Disease
Kritsilis, M., V. Rizou, S., Koutsoudaki, P. N., Evangelou, K., Gorgoulis, V. G., & Papadopoulos, D. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19102937 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
p53 Represses the Mevalonate Pathway to Mediate Tumor Suppression
Moon, S.-H., Huang, C., Houlihan, S. L., Regunath, K., Freed-Pastor, W. A., Morris, J. P., Tschaharganeh, D. F., Kastenhuber, E. R., Barsotti, A. M., Culp‐Hill, R., et al. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.011 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Mechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence
Roger, L., Tomas, F., & Gire, V. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222313173 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Gumy, L. F., Yeo, G. S. H., Tung, Y. L., Zivraj, K. H., Willis, D. E., Coppola, G., Lam, B., Twiss, J. L., Holt, C. E., & Fawcett, J. W. (2010) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.2386111 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Ogrodnik, M. (2021) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13338 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Senolytic Drugs: Reducing Senescent Cell Viability to Extend Health Span
Robbins, P. D., Jurk, D., Khosla, S., Kirkland, J. L., LeBrasseur, N. K., Miller, J. D., Passos, J. F., Pignolo, R. J., Tchkonia, T., & Niedernhofer, L. J. (2021) · Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-050120-105018 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Random walk with restart on multiplex and heterogeneous biological networks
Valdeolivas, A., Tichit, L., Navarro, C. L., Perrin, S., Odelin, G., Lévy, N., Cau, P., Rémy, É., & Baudot, A. (2018) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty637 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Cellular senescence in brain aging
Sikora, E., Bielak-Zmijewska, A., Dudkowska, M., Krzystyniak, A., Mosieniak, G., Wesierska, M., & Wlodarczyk, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.646924 · Cited by 304 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There is a plethora of evidence that SASP is a key player in “inflam-mation” of neurons via contributing to the establishment of a chronic inflammatory environment in nerves and causing neurodegeneration associated with aging [15–18].”
Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Alzheimer’s Disease
Liu, R.-M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23041989 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
The Mechanosensitive Ion Channel Piezo Inhibits Axon Regeneration
Song, Y., Li, D., Farrelly, O. M., Miles, L., Li, F., Kim, S. E., Lo, T. Y., Wang, F., Li, T., Thompson-Peer, K. L., et al. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.050 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Chow, H.-M., Shi, M., Cheng, A., Gao, Y., Chen, G., Song, X., So, R. W. L., Zhang, J., & Herrup, K. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0505-1 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Targeting SREBP-2-Regulated Mevalonate Metabolism for Cancer Therapy
Xue, L., Qi, H., Zhang, H., Ding, L., Huang, Q., Zhao, D., Wu, B. J., & Li, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.01510 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Inflammaging impairs peripheral nerve maintenance and regeneration
Büttner, R., Schulz, A., Reuter, M., Akula, A. K., Mindos, T., Carlstedt, A., Riecken, L. B., Baader, S. L., Bauer, R., & Morrison, H. (2018) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12833 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Role of peripheral nerve fibres in acute and chronic inflammation in arthritis
Pongratz, G., & Straub, R. H. (2013) · Nature Reviews Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2012.181 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Gross anatomy and development of the peripheral nervous system
Catala, M., & Kubis, N. (2013) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52902-2.00003-5 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Lee, S.-M., Lee, S. H., Jung, Y., Lee, Y., Yoon, J. H., Choi, J. Y., Hwang, C. Y., Son, Y. H., Park, S. S., Hwang, G., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19501-6 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Cellular senescence in malignant cells promotes tumor progression in mouse and patient Glioblastoma
Salam, R., Saliou, A., Bielle, F., Bertrand, M., Antoniewski, C., Carpentier, C., Alentorn, A., Capelle, L., Sanson, M., Huillard, E., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36124-9 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
RAGE-TLR Crosstalk Sustains Chronic Inflammation in Neurodegeneration
Gąsiorowski, K., Brokos, B., Echeverrı́a, V., Barreto, G. E., & Leszek, J. (2017) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-017-0419-4 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Yan, Z., Ohuchida, K., Fei, S., Zheng, B., Guan, W., Feng, H., Kibe, S., Ando, Y., Koikawa, K., Abe, T., et al. (2019) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-019-1226-8 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Reversible CD8 T cell–neuron cross-talk causes aging-dependent neuronal regenerative decline
Zhou, L., Kong, G., Palmisano, I., Cencioni, M. T., Danzi, M. C., Virgiliis, F. D., Chadwick, J., Crawford, G., Yu, Z., de Winter, F., et al. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abd5926 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Wang, H., Sun, Y., Pi, C., Yu, X., Gao, X., Zhang, C., Sun, H., Zhang, H., Shi, Y., & He, X. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232314739 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Bacterial induction of B cell senescence promotes age-related changes in the gut microbiota
Kawamoto, S., Uemura, K., Hori, N., Takayasu, L., Konishi, Y., Katoh, K., Matsumoto, T., Suzuki, M., Sakai, Y., Matsudaira, T., et al. (2023) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41556-023-01145-5 · Cited by 91 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, activation of B cells has been shown to cause tissue aging [57].”
Glucose metabolism, neural cell senescence and Alzheimer's disease
Wang, Q., Duan, L., Li, X., Wang, Y., Guo, W., Guan, F., & Ma, S. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23084351 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Alpha-Synuclein Preformed Fibrils Induce Cellular Senescence in Parkinson’s Disease Models
Verma, D., Seo, B. A., Ghosh, A., Ma, S.-X., Hernandez-Quijada, K., Andersen, J. K., Ko, H. S., & Kim, Y. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10071694 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Network medicine approaches to the genetics of complex diseases.
Silverman, E. K., & Loscalzo, J. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Cellular senescence regulated by SWI/SNF complex subunits through p53/p21 and p16/pRB pathway
He, L., Chen, Y., Feng, J., Sun, W., Li, S., Ou, M., & Tang, L. (2017) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2017.07.007 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Li, L., Tan, H., Xue, H., Yuan, Q., Hou, F. F., Zhou, L., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.89105 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Plasma proteomic signature of the risk of developing mobility disability: A 9‐year follow‐up
Osawa, Y., Semba, R. D., Fantoni, G., Candia, J., Biancotto, A., Tanaka, T., Bandinelli, S., & Ferrucci, L. (2020) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13132 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Aging and injury drive neuronal senescence in the dorsal root ganglia
Donovan, L. J., Brewer, C. L., Bond, S. F., Laslavic, A. M., Lopez, A. P., Colman, L., Jordan, C. E., Hansen, L., Gonzalez, O. C., Pujari, A., et al. (2025) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01954-x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Statin-associated neuromyotoxicity
Baker, S. K., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2005) · Drugs of Today · doi:10.1358/dot.2005.41.4.908565 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Age-Related Midbrain Inflammation and Senescence in Parkinson’s Disease
Russo, T., & Rießland, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.917797 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Jeong, J.-H., Han, J.-S., Jung, Y., Lee, S.-M., Park, S., Park, M., Shin, M.-G., Kim, N., Kang, M. S., Kim, S., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-35952-z · Cited by 37 · see citing works
de Luzy, I. R., Lee, M. K., Mobley, W. C., & Studer, L. (2024) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-024-00586-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Lee, H.-J., Yoon, Y.-S., & Lee, S.-J. (2023) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168114 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Age-Related Changes in Neurologic Examination and Sensory Nerve Amplitude in the General Population
Taams, N. E., Drenthen, J., Hanewinckel, R., Ikram, M. A., & van Doorn, P. A. (2023) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000207665 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Organisation anatomique et physiologique du nerf périphérique
Rigoard, P., Buffenoir, K., Wager, M., Bauché, S., Giot, J., Robert, R., & Lapierre, F. (2009) · Neurochirurgie · doi:10.1016/j.neuchi.2008.03.009 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Cellular rejuvenation protects neurons from inflammation-mediated cell death
Drake, S., Mohammadnia, A., Zaman, A., Gianfelice, C., Heale, K., Groh, A. M. R., Hua, E. M.-L., Hintermayer, M. A., Lu, Y. R., Gosselin, D., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115298 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Hastings, R. L., Avila, M. F., Suneby, E. G., Juros, D., O'Young, A., da Silva, J. P., & Valdez, G. (2023) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13981 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Bouché, P. (2020) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2019.11.007 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Díez‐Vives, C., Gay, M., García‐Matas, S., Comellas, F., Carrascal, M., Abián, J., Aznar, A. O., Cristòfol, R. M., & Sanfeliu, C. (2009) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06374.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Lipid accumulation drives cellular senescence in dopaminergic neurons
Russo, T., & Rießland, M. (2024) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.206030 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Functional Genomics of Axons and Synapses to Understand Neurodegenerative Diseases
Paolo, A. D., Garat, J., Eastman, G., Farías, J., Dajas‐Bailador, F., Smircich, P., & Sotelo-Silveira, J. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.686722 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Does senescence play a role in age-related macular degeneration?
Malek, G., Campisi, J., Kitazawa, K., Webster, C. M., Lakkaraju, A., & Skowronska‐Krawczyk, D. (2022) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2022.109254 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Comfort, N. T., Gade, M., Strait, M. D., Merwin, S. J., Αντωνίου, Δ., Parodi, C., Marcinczyk, L., Jean‐Francois, L., Bloomquist, T. R., Memou, A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.13204 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Aersilan, A., Hashimoto, N., Yamagata, K., Yokoyama, M., Nakayama, A., Shi, X., Nagano, H., Sakuma, I., Nohata, N., Kinoshita, T., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23205-w · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Toward Axonal System Biology: Genome Wide Views of Local mRNA Translation
Farías, J., Sotelo, J. R., & Sotelo-Silveira, J. R. (2019) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.201900054 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Statin use and peripheral nerve function—A prospective follow‐up study
Svendsen, T. K., Krøigård, T., Wirenfeldt, M., Schrøder, H. D., Bak, S., Möller, S., Hallas, J., Sindrup, S. H., & Gaist, D. (2019) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/bcpt.13320 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A novel prognostic model based on cellular senescence-related gene signature for bladder cancer
Luo, L., Li, F., Gong, B., Xi, P., & Xie, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.937951 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation signatures in dorsal root ganglia following chronic constriction injury
Qu, Y., Cai, R., Li, Q., Wang, H., & Lu, L. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31481 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Huang, W., Yi, S., & Zhao, L. (2023) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-023-01431-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Dai, L., Huang, R., Li, W., & Wu, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1203351 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Still being checked.
- Authors
- Kawabata, S., Iijima, H., Kanemura, N., & Murata, K.
- Affiliations
- Saitama Prefectural University (JP)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Murata, Kenji
- Venue
- Molecular Neurobiology
- Published
- 2024-12-23
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 6112-6127
- ISSN
- 0893-7648 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-1182
- OpenAlex
- W4405701077
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 68
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- the Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows (JP23KJ1789)
- Saitama Prefectural University Research（SPUR) Grant
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Keywords
- cellular senescence, dorsal root ganglion neurons, peripheral sensory neurons, sciatic nerve, aging, ERK1, cholesterol metabolism, SREBF1, CDKN2A, cathepsin S, antigen-presenting cells, B cells, CD8+ T cells, axons
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Ganglia, Spinal, Humans, Phenotype, Sensory Receptor Cells, Sciatic Nerve, Cellular Senescence, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16, Gene Regulatory Networks, Transcriptome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
