Giving Consent to the Ineffable
Open accessAbstract
A psychedelic renaissance is currently taking place in mental healthcare. The number of psychedelic-assisted therapy trials is growing steadily, and some countries already grant psychiatrists special permission to use psychedelics in non-research contexts under certain conditions. These clinical advances must be accompanied by ethical inquiry. One pressing ethical question involves whether patients can even give informed consent to psychedelic-assisted therapy: the treatment’s transformative nature seems to block its assessment, suggesting that patients are unable to understand what undergoing psychedelic-assisted therapy actually means for them and whether it aligns with their values. The present paper argues that patients often have sufficient knowledge to give informed consent because they know that they want to change their negative status quo and that psychedelic-assisted therapy offers an effective way to do so. Accordingly, patients can understand what the transformative nature of psychedelic-assisted therapy means for them and a make a value-aligned choice even if they are unable to anticipate the manifestation of a psychedelic experience.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Psychedelics have been described as tools to support transformative experiences.
“Psychedelics have been described as such tools (Ibid.).”
From Authenticity and Love Drugs: Insights from Psychedelic Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as Villiger 2024
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Carducci, M. A., Umbricht, A., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., Cosimano, M. P., & Klinedinst, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116675513 · Cited by 2,201 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In fact, many first-time users of psychedelics say that the experience was one of the most significant ones in their life [7, 68].”
BackgroundGriffiths, R. R., Richards, W. A., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5 · Cited by 1,684 · see citing works
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Bolstridge, M., Rucker, J., Day, C. M. J., Erritzoe, D., Kaelen, M., Bloomfield, M., Rickard, J. A., Forbes, B., Feilding, A., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7 · Cited by 1,540 · see citing works
REBUS and the anarchic brain: Toward a unified model of the brain action of psychedelics
Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Friston, K. J. (2019) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.118.017160 · Cited by 1,180 · see citing works
Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression
Goodwin, G. M., Aaronson, S. T., Alvarez, O., Arden, P. C., Baker, A., Bennett, J. C., Bird, C., Blom, R. E., Brennan, C., Brusch, D., et al. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2206443 · Cited by 1,167 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Most of the current results stem from phase 1 studies, with only two phase 2 studies being published so far [13, 17].”
BackgroundPsilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol dependence: A proof-of-concept study
Bogenschutz, M. P., Forcehimes, A. A., Pommy, J. A., Wilcox, C. E., Barbosa, P., & Strassman, R. J. (2015) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114565144 · Cited by 1,151 · cited 1× · see citing works
“1 So far, the results are promising, suggesting effectiveness in treating cancer-related depression and anxiety [6–10], (treatment-resistant) depression [6, 11–17], and alcohol and smoking cessation [18–23].”
BackgroundPsilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Bolstridge, M., Day, C. M. J., Rucker, J., Watts, R., Erritzoe, D. E., Kaelen, M., Giribaldi, B., Bloomfield, M., Pilling, S., et al. (2018) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x · Cited by 970 · see citing works
Pilot study of the 5-HT <sub>2A</sub> R agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction
Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., Cosimano, M. P., & Griffiths, R. R. (2014) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114548296 · Cited by 914 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, psyche-delics are not only used clinically to treat severe depression and anxiety but, for example, also for smoking cessation [e.g., 20].”
BackgroundPalhano-Fontes, F., Barreto, D., Onias, H., Andrade, K. C., Novaes, M. M., Pessoa, J. A., Mota-Rolim, S. A., Osório, F. L., Sanches, R., dos Santos, R. G., et al. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718001356 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation
Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., & Griffiths, R. R. (2017) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990.2016.1170135 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
Psychedelics and the essential importance of context
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L., Haijen, E., Erritzoe, D., Watts, R., Branchi, I., & Kaelen, M. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881118754710 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Psychedelics and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy
Reiff, C. M., Richman, E. E., Nemeroff, C. B., Carpenter, L. L., Widge, A. S., Rodriguez, C. I., Kalin, N. H., McDonald, W. M., & and the Work Group on Biomarkers and Novel Treatments, A. D. O. T. A. P. A. C. O. R. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010035 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Watts, R., Day, C., Krzanowski, J., Nutt, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. (2017) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167817709585 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for alcoholism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Krebs, T. S., & Johansen, P.-Ø. (2012) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881112439253 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Deciding for Others: The Ethics of Surrogate Decision Making
Buchanan, A. E., & Brock, D. W. (1990) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139171946 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Hartogsohn, I. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116677852 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Sanches, R. F., de Lima Osório, F., dos Santos, R. G., Macedo, L. R. H., Maia-de-Oliveira, J. P., Wichert-Ana, L., de Araujo, D. B., Riba, J., Crippa, J. A. S., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000436 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Barrett, F. S., Bradstreet, M. P., Leoutsakos, J.-M. S., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116678781 · Cited by 366 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, Barrett et al. [101] argue that while acute adverse psychological reactions to psychedelics are usually benign in controlled settings with proper screening, preparation, and support, they remain a safety concern in uncontrolled settings.”
BackgroundLSD enhances suggestibility in healthy volunteers
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Kaelen, M., Whalley, M. G., Bolstridge, M., Feilding, A., & Nutt, D. J. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3714-z · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Belser, A. B., Agin-Liebes, G., Swift, T. C., Terrana, S., Devenot, N., Friedman, H. L., Guss, J., Bossis, A., & Ross, S. (2017) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167817706884 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
The paradoxical psychological effects of lysergic acid diethylamide LSD
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Kaelen, M., Bolstridge, M., Williams, T. M., Williams, L. T., Underwood, R., Feilding, A., & Nutt, D. J. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715002901 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Danforth, A. L., Grob, C. S., Struble, C., Feduccia, A. A., Walker, N., Jerome, L., Yazar-Klosinski, B., & Emerson, A. (2018) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5010-9 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Preparing for the bursting of the psychedelic hype bubble.
Yaden, D. B., Potash, J. B., & Griffiths, R. R. (2022) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Bender, D., & Hellerstein, D. J. (2022) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-06049-6 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Wheeler, S. W., & Dyer, N. L. (2020) · Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000237 · Cited by 74 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Even though these numbers are preliminary, the analysis of systematic reviews and meta-analyses on PAT point in a clear direction: while PAT’s potential for significant improvement is considerable, its potential for significant worsening due to adverse events is very low [89–91 , 94–”
BackgroundResult
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 75
- [1]Tullis Paul How ecstasy and psilocybin are shaking up psychiatry Nature 2021 589 506 509 10.1038/d41586-021-00187-9 33505033 · DOI · Paper page
- [2]Mithoefer, Michael C., Ann T. Mithoefer, Allison A. Feduccia, Lisa Jerome, Mark Wagner, Joy Wymer, Julie Holland, Scott Hamilton, Berra Yazar-Klosinski, and Amy Emerson. 2018. 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans, firefighters, and police officers: a randomised, double-blind, dose-response, phase 2 clinical trial. The Lancet Psychiatry 5. Elsevier: 486–497. 29728331
- [3]Ot’alora G, Marcela, Jim Grigsby, Bruce Poulter, Joseph W. Van Derveer III, Sara Gael Giron, Lisa Jerome, Allison A. Feduccia, Scott Hamilton, Berra Yazar-Klosinski, and Amy Emerson. 2018. 3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized phase 2 controlled trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology 32. Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England: 1295–1307. PMC6247454 30371148
- [4]Mitchell Jennifer M Bogenschutz Michael Lilienstein Alia Harrison Charlotte Kleiman Sarah Parker-Guilbert Kelly Marcela Ot’alora G MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study Nature Medicine 2021 27 1025 1033 10.1038/s41591-021-01336-3 PMC8205851 33972795 · DOI · Paper page
- [8]Gasser, Peter, Dominique Holstein, Yvonne Michel, Rick Doblin, Berra Yazar-Klosinski, Torsten Passie, and Rudolf Brenneisen. 2014. Safety and efficacy of lysergic acid diethylamide-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with life-threatening diseases. The Journal of nervous and mental disease 202. Wolters Kluwer Health: 513. PMC4086777 24594678
- [9]Johnson, Matthew W., and Roland R. Griffiths. 2017. Potential therapeutic effects of psilocybin. Neurotherapeutics 14. Springer: 734–740. PMC5509636 28585222
- [10]Ross, Stephen, Anthony Bossis, Jeffrey Guss, Gabrielle Agin-Liebes, Tara Malone, Barry Cohen, Sarah E. Mennenga, Alexander Belser, Krystallia Kalliontzi, and James Babb. 2016. Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of psychopharmacology 30. Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England: 1165–1180. PMC5367551 27909164
- [14]Rotz, Robin von, Eva M. Schindowski, Johannes Jungwirth, Anna Schuldt, Nathalie M. Rieser, Katharina Zahoranszky, Erich Seifritz, et al. 2023. Single-dose psilocybin-assisted therapy in major depressive disorder: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised clinical trial. eClinicalMedicine 56. Elsevier. 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101809. PMC9830149 36636296 · DOI · Paper page
- [17]Carhart-Harris, Robin L., Bruna Giribaldi, Rosalind Watts, Michelle Baker-Jones, Ashleigh Murphy-Beiner, Roberta Murphy, Jonny Martell, Allan Blemings, David Erritzoe, and David J. Nutt. 2021. Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression. New England Journal of Medicine 384. Massachusetts Medical Society: 1402–1411. 10.1056/NEJMoa2032994. 33852780 · DOI · Paper page
- [19]Garcia-Romeu, Albert, Alan K. Davis, Fire Erowid, Earth Erowid, Roland R. Griffiths, and Matthew W. Johnson. 2019. Cessation and reduction in alcohol consumption and misuse after psychedelic use. Journal of Psychopharmacology 33. Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England: 1088–1101. 31084460
- [22]Johnson, Matthew W., Albert Garcia-Romeu, Patrick S. Johnson, and Roland R. Griffiths. 2017. An online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use. Journal of psychopharmacology 31. Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England: 841–850. PMC6753943 28095732
- [27]Anderson, Brian T., Alicia L. Danforth, and Charles S. Grob. 2020. Psychedelic medicine: safety and ethical concerns. The Lancet Psychiatry 7. Elsevier: 829–830. 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30146-2. 32949507 · DOI
- [28]Celidwen, Yuria, Nicole Redvers, Cicilia Githaiga, Janeth Calambás, Karen Añaños, Miguel Evanjuanoy Chindoy, Riccardo Vitale, et al. 2023. Ethical principles of traditional Indigenous medicine to guide western psychedelic research and practice. The Lancet Regional Health – Americas 18. Elsevier. 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100410. PMC9950658 36844020 · DOI
- [29]Dupuis, David, and Samuel Veissière. 2022. Culture, context, and ethics in the therapeutic use of hallucinogens: Psychedelics as active super-placebos? Transcultural Psychiatry 59. SAGE Publications Ltd: 571–578. 10.1177/13634615221131465. 36263513 · DOI
- [30]George, Jamilah R., Timothy I. Michaels, Jae Sevelius, and Monnica T. Williams. 2020. The psychedelic renaissance and the limitations of a White-dominant medical framework: A call for indigenous and ethnic minority inclusion. Journal of Psychedelic Studies 4. Akadémiai Kiadó Budapest: 4–15.
- [31]Johnson, Matthew W., William A. Richards, and Roland R. Griffiths. 2008. Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety. Journal of psychopharmacology 22. Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England: 603–620. PMC3056407 18593734
- [32]Kious, Brent, Zach Schwartz, and Benjamin Lewis. 2023. Should we be leery of being Leary? Concerns about psychedelic use by psychedelic researchers. Journal of Psychopharmacology 37. SAGE Publications Ltd STM: 45–48. 10.1177/02698811221133461. 36377548 · DOI
- [33]Peterson, Andrew, and Dominic Sisti. 2022. Skip the trip? Five arguments on the use of nonhallucinogenic psychedelics in psychiatry. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 31. Cambridge University Press: 472–476. 36398516
- [34]Schenberg, Eduardo Ekman, and Konstantin Gerber. 2022. Overcoming epistemic injustices in the biomedical study of ayahuasca: Towards ethical and sustainable regulation. Transcultural Psychiatry 59. SAGE Publications Ltd: 610–624. 10.1177/13634615211062962. 34986699 · DOI
- [35]Smith William R Appelbaum Paul S Novel ethical and policy issues in psychiatric uses of psychedelic substances Neuropharmacology 2022 216 109165 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109165 35718006 · DOI
- [36]Smith, William R., and Dominic Sisti. 2021. Ethics and ego dissolution: the case of psilocybin. Journal of Medical Ethics 47. Institute of Medical Ethics: 807–814. 10.1136/medethics-2020-106070. PMC9202314 32461241 · DOI · Paper page
- [37]Villiger, Daniel, and Manuel Trachsel. 2023. With great power comes great vulnerability: an ethical analysis of psychedelics’ therapeutic mechanisms proposed by the REBUS hypothesis. Journal of Medical Ethics. Institute of Medical Ethics. 10.1136/jme-2022-108816. 37045591 · DOI
- [38]Yaden, David B., Brian D. Earp, and Roland R. Griffiths. 2022. Ethical Issues Regarding Nonsubjective Psychedelics as Standard of Care. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 31. Cambridge University Press: 464–471. 10.1017/S096318012200007X. PMC9672929 36398520 · DOI
- [39]Hartogsohn Ido American Trip: Set, Setting, and the Psychedelic Experience in the Twentieth Century 2020 Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press
- [40]Strauss, Dana, Sara de la Salle, Jordan Sloshower, and Monnica T. Williams. 2022. Research abuses against people of colour and other vulnerable groups in early psychedelic research. Journal of Medical Ethics 48. Institute of Medical Ethics: 728–737. 10.1136/medethics-2021-107262. 34253622 · DOI
- [43]Erritzoe, D., L. Roseman, M. M. Nour, K. MacLean, M. Kaelen, D. J. Nutt, and RL6220878 Carhart-Harris. 2018. Effects of psilocybin therapy on personality structure. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 138. Wiley Online Library: 368–378. PMC6220878 29923178
- [44]Nour Matthew M Evans Lisa Carhart-Harris Robin L Psychedelics, personality and political perspectives Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 2017 49 182 191 10.1080/02791072.2017.1312643 28443703 · DOI · Paper page
- [45]Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies MAPS MDMA-assisted therapy code of ethics MAPS Bulletin 2019 29 24 27
- [46]Carbonaro, Theresa M., Matthew P. Bradstreet, Frederick S. Barrett, Katherine A. MacLean, Robert Jesse, Matthew W. Johnson, and Roland R. Griffiths. 2016. Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: Acute and enduring positive and negative consequences. Journal of Psychopharmacology 30. Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England: 1268–1278. PMC5551678 27578767
- [47]Paul LA Transformative experience 2014 1 Oxford Oxford University Press
- [48]Forstmann Matthias Yudkin Daniel A Prosser Annayah MB Megan Heller S Crockett Molly J Transformative experience and social connectedness mediate the mood-enhancing effects of psychedelic use in naturalistic settings Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2020 117 2338 2346 10.1073/pnas.1918477117 PMC7007572 31964815 · DOI · Paper page
- [49]Letheby, Chris. 2021. Philosophy of Psychedelics. 1st ed. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/med/9780198843122.001.0001. · DOI
- [50]Peterson, Andrew, Emily A. Largent, Holly Fernandez Lynch, Jason Karlawish, and Dominic Sisti. 2022. Journeying to Ixtlan: Ethics of Psychedelic Medicine and Research for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias. AJOB Neuroscience: 1–17. 10.1080/21507740.2022.2148771. 36476106 · DOI
- [51]Yudkin, Daniel A., Annayah M. B. Prosser, S. Megan Heller, Kateri McRae, Aleksandr Chakroff, and M. J. Crockett. 2022. Prosocial correlates of transformative experiences at secular multi-day mass gatherings. Nature Communications 13. Nature Publishing Group: 2600. 10.1038/s41467-022-29600-1. PMC9142525 35624086 · DOI
- [52]Jacobs, Edward. 2023. Transformative experience and informed consent to psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Frontiers in Psychology 14. PMC10254809 37303902
- [53]Barnes Elizabeth What you can expect when you don’t want to be expecting Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 2015 91 775 786 10.1111/phpr.12242 · DOI
- [54]Cath, Yuri. 2019. Knowing what it is like and testimony. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 97. Taylor & Francis: 105–120.
- [55]Kind, Amy. 2020. What Imagination Teaches. In Becoming Someone New: Essays on Transformative Experience, Choice, and Change, ed. Enoch Lambert and John Schwenkler, 133–146. Oxford University Press.
- [56]Paul LA What you can’t expect when you’re expecting Res Philosophica 2015 92 149 170 10.11612/resphil.2015.92.2.1 · DOI
- [57]Pettigrew Richard Transformative experience and decision theory Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 2015 91 766 774 10.1111/phpr.12240 · DOI
- [58]Pettigrew, Richard. 2019. Choosing for Changing Selves. 1st ed. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oso/9780198814962.001.0001. · DOI
- [59]Reuter Kevin Messerli Michael Transformative decisions The Journal of Philosophy 2018 115 313 335 10.5840/jphil2018115620 · DOI
- [60]Villiger, Daniel. 2021. A rational route to transformative decisions. Synthese 199. Springer: 14535–14553. PMC8727407 35058667
- [61]Villiger, Daniel. 2022. The role of expectations in transformative experiences. Philosophical Psychology 0. Routledge: 1–24. 10.1080/09515089.2022.2070063. · DOI
- [62]Villiger Daniel Rational transformative decision-making Synthese 2023 201 87 10.1007/s11229-023-04075-9 36855375 PMC9958159 · DOI
- [63]Paul LA Transformative choice: Discussion and replies Res Philosophica 2015 92 473 545 10.11612/resphil.2015.92.2.15 · DOI
- [64]Nour, Matthew M., Lisa Evans, David Nutt, and Robin L. Carhart-Harris. 2016. Ego-dissolution and psychedelics: validation of the ego-dissolution inventory (EDI). Frontiers in human neuroscience 10. Frontiers: 269. PMC4906025 27378878
- [65]Timmermann, Christopher, Leor Roseman, Luke Williams, David Erritzoe, Charlotte Martial, Héléna Cassol, Steven Laureys, David Nutt, and Robin Carhart-Harris. 2018. DMT models the near-death experience. Frontiers in psychology 9. Frontiers: 1424. PMC6107838 30174629
- [67]Wackermann, Jiří, Marc Wittmann, Felix Hasler, and Franz X. Vollenweider. 2008. Effects of varied doses of psilocybin on time interval reproduction in human subjects. Neuroscience letters 435. Elsevier: 51–55. 18325673
- [69]Beauchamp, Tom L. 2010. Autonomy and Consent. In The ethics of consent: theory and practice, ed. Franklin G. Miller and Alan Wertheimer, 55–78. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
- [70]Ach, Johann S. 2018. Consent and medical treatment. In The Routledge Handbook of the Ethics of Consent, ed. Andreas Müller and Peter Schaber, 285–296. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge.
- [71]Egerton Karl Capitelli-McMahon Helen Transformative experience and the principle of informed consent in medicine Synthese 2023 202 65 10.1007/s11229-023-04258-4 · DOI
- [73]Appelbaum, Paul S. 1998. Ought we to require emotional capacity as part of decisional competence? Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 8. Johns Hopkins University Press: 377–387. 11657319
- [75]Savulescu, Julian. 1994. Rational desires and the limitation of life-sustaining treatment. Bioethics 8. Wiley Online Library: 191–222. 11652346
- [76]Carel, Havi, and Ian James Kidd. 2020. Expanding transformative experience. European Journal of Philosophy 28. Wiley Online Library: 199–213. PMC7217260 32421021
- [80]Gukasyan, Natalie, and Sandeep M. Nayak. 2021. Psychedelics, placebo effects, and set and setting: Insights from common factors theory of psychotherapy. Transcultural Psychiatry. SAGE Publications Ltd: 1363461520983684. 10.1177/1363461520983684. 33499762 · DOI
- [82]Villiger, Daniel. 2022. How Psychedelic-Assisted Treatment Works in the Bayesian Brain. Frontiers in Psychiatry 13. PMC8963812 35360137
- [83]Bernstein Mark Fully informed consent is impossible in surgical clinical trials Canadian Journal of Surgery 2005 48 271 272 PMC3211530 16149359
- [84]Dodds Susan Jones Karen Surrogacy and autonomy Bioethics 1989 3 1 17 10.1111/j.1467-8519.1989.tb00323.x 11650109 · DOI
- [85]Hofmann, Bjørn. 2023. Undermining autonomy and consent: the transformative experience of disease. Journal of Medical Ethics. Institute of Medical Ethics. 10.1136/jme-2023-108906. 37137696 · DOI
- [86]Bullock, Emma C. 2018. Valid consent. In The Routledge Handbook of the Ethics of Consent, ed. Andreas Müller and Peter Schaber, 85–94. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge.
- [87]Müller-Rörich, Thomas, Kirsten Hass, Françoise Margue, Annekäthi van den Broek, and Rita Wagner, ed. 2013. Schattendasein. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 10.1007/978-3-642-31701-9. · DOI
- [88]McKinnon Rachel Trans* formative experiences Res Philosophica 2015 92 419 440 10.11612/resphil.2015.92.2.12 · DOI
- [89]Andersen, Kristoffer AA, Robin Carhart-Harris, David J. Nutt, and David Erritzoe. 2021. Therapeutic effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review of modern-era clinical studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 143. Wiley Online Library: 101–118. 33125716
- [90]Ko Kwonmok Kopra Emma I Cleare Anthony J Rucker James J Psychedelic therapy for depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis Journal of Affective Disorders 2023 322 194 204 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.168 36209780 · DOI · Paper page
- [91]Haikazian Sipan Chen-Li David C. J Johnson Danica E Fancy Farhan Anastasia Levinta M Husain Ishrat Mansur Rodrigo B McIntyre Roger S Rosenblat Joshua D Psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis Psychiatry Research 2023 329 115531 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115531 37844352 · DOI · Paper page
- [92]Griffiths, Roland R., Matthew W. Johnson, William A. Richards, Brian D. Richards, Robert Jesse, Katherine A. MacLean, Frederick S. Barrett, Mary P. Cosimano, and Maggie A. Klinedinst. 2018. Psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience in combination with meditation and other spiritual practices produces enduring positive changes in psychological functioning and in trait measures of prosocial attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Psychopharmacology 32. Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England: 49–69. PMC5772431 29020861
- [93]Griffiths, Roland R., Matthew W. Johnson, William A. Richards, Brian D. Richards, Una McCann, and Robert Jesse. 2011. Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects. Psychopharmacology 218. Springer: 649–665. PMC3308357 21674151
- [96]Roscoe, Jeremy, and Olivia Lozy. 2022. Can psilocybin be safely administered under medical supervision? A systematic review of adverse event reporting in clinical trials. Drug Science, Policy and Law 8. SAGE Publications: 20503245221085222. 10.1177/20503245221085222. · DOI
- [97]Romeo, Bruno, Laurent Karila, Catherine Martelli, and Amine Benyamina. 2020. Efficacy of psychedelic treatments on depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychopharmacology 34. SAGE Publications Ltd STM: 1079–1085. 10.1177/0269881120919957. 32448048 · DOI
- [98]Maia Lucas Oliveira Beaussant Yvan Garcia Ana Cláudia Mesquita The Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic-assisted Therapies for Symptom Control in Patients Diagnosed With Serious Illness: A Systematic Review Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2022 63 e725 e738 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2022.01.024 35157985 · DOI
- [99]Simonsson Otto Carlbring Per Carhart-Harris Robin Davis Alan K Nutt David J Griffiths Roland R Erritzoe David Goldberg Simon B Assessing the risk of symptom worsening in psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression: A systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis Psychiatry Research 2023 327 115349 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115349 37523886 PMC10528683 · DOI
- [100]Paul, L. A. 2015. Transformative experience: Replies to Pettigrew, Barnes and Campbell. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 91. Wiley Online Library: 794–813. 10.1111/phpr.12250. · DOI
- [102]Gashi Liridona Sandberg Sveinung Pedersen Willy Making “bad trips” good: How users of psychedelics narratively transform challenging trips into valuable experiences International Journal of Drug Policy 2021 87 102997 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102997 33080454 · DOI
- [104]Noorani, Tehseen, Albert Garcia-Romeu, Thomas C. Swift, Roland R. Griffiths, and Matthew W. Johnson. 2018. Psychedelic therapy for smoking cessation: qualitative analysis of participant accounts. Journal of Psychopharmacology 32. Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England: 756–769. 29938565
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Authenticity and Love Drugs: Insights from Psychedelic Therapy
Thomas, O., & Silva, F. (2026) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2025.2517007
- Authors
- Villiger, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Villiger, Daniel
- ORCID
- Villiger, Daniel
- Venue
- Neuroethics
- Published
- 2024-02-15
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 11-11
- ISSN
- 1874-5490 (ISSN-L)
- 1874-5504
- PMC
- PMC10869409
- OpenAlex
- W4391841842
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 6
- FWCI
- 15.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neuroethics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (186151)
- University of Zurich
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics and bioethics in healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics in Clinical Research
- Keywords
- informed consent, psychedelic therapy, patient understanding, value alignment, psychedelic experience, mental health services
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review