Regulatory effect of general anesthetics on activity of potassium channels
Open accessAbstract
General anesthesia is an unconscious state induced by anesthetics for surgery. The molecular targets and cellular mechanisms of general anesthetics in the mammalian nervous system have been investigated during past decades. In recent years, K + channels have been identified as important targets of both volatile and intravenous anesthetics. This review covers achievements that have been made both on the regulatory effect of general anesthetics on the activity of K + channels and their underlying mechanisms. Advances in research on the modulation of K + channels by general anesthetics are summarized and categorized according to four large K + channel families based on their amino-acid sequence homology. In addition, research achievements on the roles of K + channels in general anesthesia in vivo , especially with regard to studies using mice with K + channel knockout, are particularly emphasized.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Volatile anesthetics modulate macroscopic conductance, opening probability, and inactivation of voltage-gated potassium channels.
“Volatile anesthetics are known to modulate macroscopic conductance, opening probability, and likelihood of inactivation of voltage-gated potassium channels [53].”
From The Biology of General Anesthesia from Paramecium to Primate (2019) · cites this paper as [53]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Wei, A. D., Gutman, G. A., Aldrich, R. W., Chandy, K. G., Grissmer, S., & Wulff, H. (2005) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.57.4.9 · Cited by 976 · see citing works
Gutman, G. A., Chandy, K. G., Grissmer, S., Lazdunski, M., McKinnon, D. H., Pardo, L. A., Robertson, G. A., Rudy, B., Sanguinetti, M. C., Stühmer, W., et al. (2005) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.57.4.10 · Cited by 888 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Actions of Inhaled Anesthetics
Campagna, J. A., Miller, K. W., & Forman, S. A. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra021261 · Cited by 805 · see citing works
Molecular and neuronal substrates for general anaesthetics
Rudolph, U., & Antkowiak, B. (2004) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1496 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Inhalational anesthetics activate two-pore-domain background K+ channels
Patel, A. J., Honoré, E., Lesage, F., Fink, M., Romey, G., & Lazdunski, M. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/8084 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Sequence of a Probable Potassium Channel Component Encoded at Shaker Locus of Drosophila
Tempel, B. L., Papazian, D. M., Schwarz, T. L., Jan, Y. N., & Jan, L. Y. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2441471 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Gutman, G. A., Chandy, K. G., Adelman, J. P., Aiyar, J., Bayliss, D. A., Clapham, D. E., Covarriubias, M., Désir, G. V., Furuichi, K., Ganetzky, B., et al. (2003) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.55.4.9 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
CNS Distribution of Members of the Two-Pore-Domain (KCNK) Potassium Channel Family
Talley, E. M., Solórzano, G., Lei, Q., Kim, D., & Bayliss, D. A. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-19-07491.2001 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
High-conductance potassium channels of the SLO family
Salkoff, L., Butler, A., Ferreira, G., Santi, C. M., & Wei, A. D. (2006) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1992 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
TREK-1, a K+ channel involved in neuroprotection and general anesthesia
Heurteaux, C., Guy, N., Laigle, C., Blondeau, N., Duprat, F., Mazzuca, M., Lang‐Lazdunski, L., Widmann, C., Zanzouri, M., Romey, G., et al. (2004) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600234 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Reduced sleep in Drosophila Shaker mutants
Cirelli, C., Bushey, D., Hill, S., Huber, R., Kreber, R. A., Ganetzky, B., & Tononi, G. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03486 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Properties and modulation of mammalian 2P domain K+ channels
Patel, A. J., & Honoré, É. (2001) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01810-5 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Lesage, F., Terrenoire, C., Romey, G., & Lazdunski, M. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m002822200 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Regulation of Pain and Itch by TRP Channels
Moore, C. D., Gupta, R., Jordt, S., Chen, Y., & Liedtke, W. (2017) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-017-0200-8 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Goldstein, S. A. N., Bayliss, D. A., Kim, D. H., et al. (2005) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.57.4.12 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Gruß, M., Bushell, T. J., Bright, D. P., Lieb, W. R., Mathie, A. A., & Franks, N. P. (2004) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.65.2.443 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Slo3, a Novel pH-sensitive K+ Channel from Mammalian Spermatocytes
Schreiber, M. A., Wei, A. D., Yuan, A., Gaut, J. P., Saito, M. L., & Salkoff, L. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.6.3509 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Genetic modification of potassium channels in Drosophila Shaker mutants
Salkoff, L., & Wyman, R. J. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/293228a0 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
The TREK K2P channels and their role in general anaesthesia and neuroprotection
Franks, N. P., & Honoré, E. (2004) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2004.09.003 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Emerging roles for two-pore-domain potassium channels and their potential therapeutic impact
Bayliss, D. A., & Barrett, P. Q. (2008) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2008.07.013 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Physiological Roles of the Intermediate Conductance, Ca2+-activated Potassium Channel Kcnn4
Begenisich, T. B., Nakamoto, T., Ovitt, C. E., Nehrke, K. W., Brugnara, C., Alper, S. L., & Melvin, J. E. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m409627200 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Martin, G. M., Yoshioka, C., Rex, E. A., Fay, J. F., Xie, Q., Whorton, M. R., Chen, J. Z., & Shyng, S.-L. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.24149 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
THIK-1 and THIK-2, a Novel Subfamily of Tandem Pore Domain K+ Channels
Rajan, S., Wischmeyer, E., Karschin, C., Preisig‐Müller, R., Grzeschik, K., Daut, J., Karschin, A., & Derst, C. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m008985200 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Genomic and Functional Characteristics of Novel Human Pancreatic 2P Domain K+ Channels
Girard, C. A. J., Duprat, F., Terrenoire, C., Tinel, N., Fosset, M., Romey, G., Lazdunski, M., & Lesage, F. (2001) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.4562 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Modulation of Kv7 channels and excitability in the brain
Greene, D. L., & Hoshi, N. (2017) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-016-2359-y · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Linden, A.-M., Sandu, C., Aller, M. I., Vekovischeva, O. Y., Rosenberg, P. H., Wisden, W., & Korpi, E. R. (2007) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.107.129544 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Anesthetic-sensitive 2P Domain K+Channels
Patel, A. J., & Honoré, É. (2001) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-200110000-00034 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Liu, C., Au, J. D., Zou, H. L., Cotten, J. F., & Yost, C. S. (2004) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000136849.07384.44 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Anaesthetic mechanisms: update on the challenge of unravelling the mystery of anaesthesia
Lugli, A. K., Yost, C. S., & Kindler, C. H. (2009) · European Journal of Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/eja.0b013e32832d6b0f · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Alkire, M. T., Asher, C. D., Franciscus, A. M., & Hahn, E. L. (2009) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e31819c461c · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Aller, M. I., & Wisden, W. (2007) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.12.011 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Linden, A.-M., Aller, M. I., Leppä, E., Vekovischeva, O. Y., Aitta‐aho, T., Veale, E. L., Mathie, A. A., Rosenberg, P. H., Wisden, W., & Korpi, E. R. (2006) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.105.098525 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Lazarenko, R. M., Fortuna, M. G., Shi, Y., Mulkey, D. K., Takakura, A. C. T., Moreira, T. S., Guyenet, P. G., & Bayliss, D. A. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1956-10.2010 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Rosenhouse‐Dantsker, A., Tang, Q.-Y., et al. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0525-10.2010 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationCooper, E. C. (2010) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.10.001 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Friederich, P., & Urban, B. W. (1999) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-199912000-00040 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Volatile Anesthetics Activate the Human Tandem Pore Domain Baseline K+Channel KCNK5
Gray, A. T., Zhao, B. B., Kindler, C. H., Winegar, B. D., Mazurek, M. J., Xu, J., Chavez, R. A., Forsayeth, J., & Yost, C. S. (2000) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-200006000-00032 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationYamakura, T., Lewohl, J. M., & Harris, R. A. (2001) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-200107000-00025 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Lioudyno, M. I., Birch, A. M., Tanaka, B. S., Sokolov, Y., Goldin, A. L., Chandy, K. G., Hall, J. E., & Alkire, M. T. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0344-13.2013 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Differential effects of volatile and intravenous anesthetics on the activity of human TASK-1
Putzke, C., Hanley, P. J., Schlichthörl, G., Preisig‐Müller, R., Rinné, S., Anetseder, M., Eckenhoff, R. G., Berkowitz, C., Vassiliou, T., Wulf, H., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00100.2007 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Hawasli, A. H., Saifee, O., Liu, C. J., Nonet, M. L., & Crowder, C. M. (2004) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.104.030502 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The role of K2P channels in anaesthesia and sleep
Steinberg, E. A., Wafford, K. A., Brickley, S. G., Franks, N. P., & Wisden, W. (2014) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-014-1654-4 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Homeostatic Regulation of Neuronal Excitability by K + Channels in Normal and Diseased Brains
Misonou, H. (2010) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858409341085 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Localization and Targeting of GIRK Channels in Mammalian Central Neurons
Luján, R., & Aguado, C. (2015) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2015.05.009 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Mechanistic Insights into the Modulation of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels by Inhalational Anesthetics
Covarrubias, M., Barber, A. F., Carnevale, V., Treptow, W. L., & Eckenhoff, R. G. (2015) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2015.09.032 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
GIRK3 gates activation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway by ethanol
Herman, M. A., Sidhu, H., Stouffer, D. G., Kreifeldt, M., Le, D., Cates‐Gatto, C., Munoz, M. B., Roberts, A. J., Parsons, L. H., Roberto, M., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1416146112 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Determinants of the Anesthetic Sensitivity of Two-pore Domain Acid-sensitive Potassium Channels
Andres-Enguix, I., Caley, A., Yustos, R., Schumacher, M. A., Spanu, P. D., Dickinson, R., Maze, M., & Franks, N. P. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m610692200 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Ying, S., & Goldstein, P. A. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01058.2004 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Kinetic Modulation of HERG Potassium Channels by the Volatile Anesthetic Halothane
Li, J., & Correa, A. M. (2002) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-200210000-00026 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
G Protein-Gated Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels Are Targets for Volatile Anesthetics
Weigl, L. G., & Schreibmayer, W. (2001) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.60.2.282 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Properties, regulation, pharmacology, and functions of the K2P channel, TRESK
Enyedi, P., & Czirják, G. (2014) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-014-1634-8 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Chae, Y. J., Zhang, J., Au, P., Sabbadini, M., Xie, G.-X., & Yost, C. S. (2010) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e3181f90ca5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Woll, K. A., Peng, W., Liang, Q., Zhi, L., Jacobs, J. A., Maciunas, L. J., Bhanu, N. V., Garcia, B. A., Covarrubias, M., Loll, P. J., et al. (2017) · ACS Chemical Biology · doi:10.1021/acschembio.7b00222 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Dreixler, J. C., Jenkins, A., Cao, Y., Roizen, J. D., & Houamed, K. M. (2000) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1097/00000539-200003000-00040 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Marinović, J., Bosnjak, Z. J., & Stadnicka, A. (2005) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-200509000-00017 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Novel Activation of Voltage-gated K+ Channels by Sevoflurane
Barber, A. F., Liang, Q., & Covarrubias, M. (2012) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.405787 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Inhibitory Effects of Ketamine and Halothane on Recombinant Potassium Channels from Mammalian Brain
Kulkarni, R. S., Zorn, L. J., Anantharam, V., Bayley, H., & Treistman, S. N. (1996) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-199604000-00018 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Breaking the silence: functional expression of the two-pore-domain potassium channel THIK-2
Renigunta, V., Zou, X., Kling, S., Schlichthörl, G., & Daut, J. (2013) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-013-1404-z · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Wang, B., Yang, X., Sun, A., et al. (2016) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-016-0066-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Roles of TRESK, a novel two-pore domain K+ channel, in pain pathway and general anesthesia
Huang, D., Yu, B., & Qiu-wei, F. (2008) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-008-0225-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Gerstin, K. M., Gong, D., Abdallah, M., Winegar, B. D., Eger, E. I., & Gray, A. T. (2003) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000056921.15974.ec · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Molecular Mapping of General Anesthetic Sites in a Voltage-Gated Ion Channel
Barber, A. F., Liang, Q., Amaral, C., Treptow, W. L., & Covarrubias, M. (2011) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2011.08.026 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Gating kinetics of ShakerK+ channels are differentially modified by general anesthetics
Correa, A. M. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1998.275.4.c1009 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Inhalational anesthetic actions on voltage-gated ion currents of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells.
Pancrazio, J. J., Park, W. K., & Lynch, C. (1993) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0026-895x(25)13656-0 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Linden, A.-M., Aller, M. I., Leppä, E., Rosenberg, P. H., Wisden, W., & Korpi, E. R. (2008) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.108.142083 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Liang, Q., Anderson, W. D., Jones, S. T., Souza, C. S., Hosoume, J. M., Treptow, W. L., & Covarrubias, M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143363 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Huang, C. G., & Chacron, M. J. (2017) · Channels · doi:10.1080/19336950.2017.1299835 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Namba, T., Ishii, T. M., Ikeda, M., Hisano, T., Itoh, T., Hirota, K., Adelman, J. P., & Fukuda, K. (2000) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00254-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Klockgether‐Radke, A. P., Schulze, H., Neumann, P., et al. (2004) · European Journal of Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1017/s0265021504003126 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Milovic, S., Steinecker-Frohnwieser, B., Schreibmayer, W., & Weigl, L. G. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m403448200 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Denson, D. D., Duchatelle, P., & Eaton, D. C. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)90633-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The inhibitory effect of propofol on Kv2.1 potassium channel in rat parietal cortical neurons
Zhang, Y., Zhang, R., Zeng, X., et al. (2016) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.058 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Knockout of the gene encoding the K2P channel KCNK7 does not alter volatile anesthetic sensitivity
Yost, C. S., Oh, I., Eger, E. I., & Sonner, J. M. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.05.010 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Klockgether‐Radke, A. P., Schulze, H., Neumann, P., et al. (2004) · European Journal of Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00003643-200403000-00012 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Inhalational anaesthetics andn‐alcohols share a site of action in the neuronal Shaw2 Kvchannel
Bhattacharji, A., Klett, N. J., Go, R. C. V., et al. (2010) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00642.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sites and Functional Consequence of Alkylphenol Anesthetic Binding to Kv1.2 Channels
Bu, W., Liang, Q., Zhi, L., Maciunas, L. J., Loll, P. J., Eckenhoff, R. G., & Covarrubias, M. (2017) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-017-0437-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Yan, H., Puil, E., & Mathers, D. A. (1994) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-199409000-00019 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Effects of enflurane on the voltage-gated membrane currents of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells
Pancrazio, J. J., Park, W. K., & Lynch, C. I. (1992) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(92)90064-e · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Rajaram, S., & Nash, H. A. (2004) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000113548.27457.a3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kim, J. K., Yoo, H. Y., Kim, S. J., et al. (2007) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aem123 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bienengraeber, M., Warltier, D. C., Bosnjak, Z. J., & Stadnicka, A. (2006) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-200609000-00017 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Schaper, C., Höcker, J., Böhm, R., Roeder, T., & Bein, B. (2012) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1100/2012/373709 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Biology of General Anesthesia from Paramecium to Primate
Kelz, M. B., & Mashour, G. A. (2019) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.071 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
- Authors
- Li, Y., Xu, J., Xu, Y., Zhao, X.-Y., Liu, Y., Wang, J., Wang, G.-M., Lv, Y.-T., Tang, Q.-Y., & Zhang, Z.
- Affiliations
- Xuzhou Medical College (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Zhe
- Venue
- Neuroscience Bulletin
- Published
- 2018-06-13
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 887-900
- ISSN
- 1995-8218 (ISSN-L)
- 1673-7067
- PMC
- PMC6129254
- OpenAlex
- W2807737864
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10
- FWCI
- 0.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuroscience Bulletin (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81671090, 31671212, 81471314)
- Government of Jiangsu Province
- Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (81471314, BK20151170)
- Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
- Xuzhou Science and Technology Program (KC16H0230)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion channel regulation and function
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Sedative Agents
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Anesthesia and Neurotoxicity Research
- Keywords
- general anesthetics, potassium channels, anesthetic targets, channel modulation, volatile anesthetics, intravenous anesthetics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Potassium Channels, Anesthetics, General
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
