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Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes

Fóthi, Erzsébet, Gonzalez, Angéla, Fehér, Tibor, Gugora, Ariana, Fóthi, Ábel, Biró, Orsolya, Keyser, Christine·2020·Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
DOI 10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0
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Abstract

According to historical sources, ancient Hungarians were made up of seven allied tribes and the fragmented tribes that split off from the Khazars, and they arrived from the Eastern European steppes to conquer the Carpathian Basin at the end of the ninth century AD. Differentiating between the tribes is not possible based on archaeology or history, because the Hungarian Conqueror artifacts show uniformity in attire, weaponry, and warcraft. We used Y-STR and SNP analyses on male Hungarian Conqueror remains to determine the genetic source, composition of tribes, and kin of ancient Hungarians. The 19 male individuals paternally belong to 16 independent haplotypes and 7 haplogroups (C2, G2a, I2, J1, N3a, R1a, and R1b). The presence of the N3a haplogroup is interesting because it rarely appears among modern Hungarians (unlike in other Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples) but was found in 37.5% of the Hungarian Conquerors. This suggests that a part of the ancient Hungarians was of Ugric descent and that a significant portion spoke Hungarian. We compared our results with public databases and discovered that the Hungarian Conquerors originated from three distant territories of the Eurasian steppes, where different ethnicities joined them: Lake Baikal-Altai Mountains (Huns/Turkic peoples), Western Siberia-Southern Urals (Finno-Ugric peoples), and the Black Sea-Northern Caucasus (Caucasian and Eastern European peoples). As such, the ancient Hungarians conquered their homeland as an alliance of tribes, and they were the genetic relatives of Asiatic Huns, Finno-Ugric peoples, Caucasian peoples, and Slavs from the Eastern European steppes.

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Figures

Fig. 1 The putative migration route of the ancient Hungarians. MH: Magna Hungaria, L: Levedia, E: Etelköz
Fig. 1 The putative migration route of the ancient Hungarians. MH: Magna Hungaria, L: Levedia, E: EtelközCC-BY · From the PDF
Fig. 2 Geographical distribution in Hungary of the research samples. We included individuals belonging to the first or second generation of Hungarian Conquerors (first half of the tenth century CE) in our research sample. See Online Resource 3 (ESM_3) for additional site information
Fig. 2 Geographical distribution in Hungary of the research samples. We included individuals belonging to the first or second generation of Hungarian Conquerors (first half of the tenth century CE) in our research sample. See Online Resource 3 (ESM_3) for additional site informationCC-BY · From the PDF
Fig. 3 The frequency of paternal haplogroups in the Hungarian Conqueror samples
Fig. 3 The frequency of paternal haplogroups in the Hungarian Conqueror samplesCC-BY · From the PDF
Fig. 4 The network of the C2-M86 haplogroup. The network is divided into four distinct areas: area a (C-L1367 cluster) belongs to the small horde of modern Kazakh; area b belongs to modern Mongols and it is rare in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan (Roewer et al. 2007); area c shows a smaller Mongolian-Manchurian Chinese cluster; area d belongs to the
Fig. 4 The network of the C2-M86 haplogroup. The network is divided into four distinct areas: area a (C-L1367 cluster) belongs to the small horde of modern Kazakh; area b belongs to modern Mongols and it is rare in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan (Roewer et al. 2007); area c shows a smaller Mongolian-Manchurian Chinese cluster; area d belongs to theCC-BY · From the PDF
Image 5
CC-BY · From the PDF
Fig. 6 Network of the N3a4-Z1936 haplogroup. The samples from Karos grave 29 and Bodrogszerdahely grave 3 were a genetic match with a modern Hungarian sample from Szentpéterszeg, Hungary (marked with the arrow a ), while the sample from Karos grave 14 (marked with the arrow b ) differs only on one locus. Additionally, the modern Szentpéterszeg Hungarian sample is 1 -1 mutation step from the Z1936/ L1034 founder haplotype (6 Bashkirian, 4 Mansi, 3 Hungarian/Székely, 2
Fig. 6 Network of the N3a4-Z1936 haplogroup. The samples from Karos grave 29 and Bodrogszerdahely grave 3 were a genetic match with a modern Hungarian sample from Szentpéterszeg, Hungary (marked with the arrow a ), while the sample from Karos grave 14 (marked with the arrow b ) differs only on one locus. Additionally, the modern Szentpéterszeg Hungarian sample is 1 -1 mutation step from the Z1936/ L1034 founder haplotype (6 Bashkirian, 4 Mansi, 3 Hungarian/Székely, 2CC-BY · From the PDF
Fig. 7 The network of the I2a1-L621, CTS10228 haplogroup. The haplotype of Karos samples is marked with an arrow. Source of haplotypes: Di Cristofaro et al. (2013); Karachanak et al. (2013);
Fig. 7 The network of the I2a1-L621, CTS10228 haplogroup. The haplotype of Karos samples is marked with an arrow. Source of haplotypes: Di Cristofaro et al. (2013); Karachanak et al. (2013);CC-BY · From the PDF
Fig. 8 The network of the R1b-M269 haplogroup. We placed the haplotype among Myres et al. ' s (2011) L23(xM412) samples ( n = 203 individuals). The sample from the Tiszaeszlár cemetery is a full genetic match with a modern Hungarian sample from Bodrogköz (Pamjav et al. 2017) on the 17 markers used in the network (marked with arrow). There is a 1 -1 mutation step deviation on 2 frequently mutating markers (DYS570 and DYS576) that are not in the network, which is in accord with the
Fig. 8 The network of the R1b-M269 haplogroup. We placed the haplotype among Myres et al. ' s (2011) L23(xM412) samples ( n = 203 individuals). The sample from the Tiszaeszlár cemetery is a full genetic match with a modern Hungarian sample from Bodrogköz (Pamjav et al. 2017) on the 17 markers used in the network (marked with arrow). There is a 1 -1 mutation step deviation on 2 frequently mutating markers (DYS570 and DYS576) that are not in the network, which is in accord with theCC-BY · From the PDF
Fig. 9 Network of the G2a2-U1 haplogroup. There are no complete matches in the networks of either the YHRD database (https://yhrd.org/) or Rootsi et al. ' s (2012) STR database ( n = 124 individuals) for the analyzed Hungarian Conqueror samples (marked with an arrow). The closest match is 2 genetic steps away. This puts the common ancestor of the Hungarian Conqueror and the 2 Abkhazian, 1 Abazin, 1 Karachay, and 1 West Chinese Uyghur samples in the early Khazar period. Interestingly,
Fig. 9 Network of the G2a2-U1 haplogroup. There are no complete matches in the networks of either the YHRD database (https://yhrd.org/) or Rootsi et al. ' s (2012) STR database ( n = 124 individuals) for the analyzed Hungarian Conqueror samples (marked with an arrow). The closest match is 2 genetic steps away. This puts the common ancestor of the Hungarian Conqueror and the 2 Abkhazian, 1 Abazin, 1 Karachay, and 1 West Chinese Uyghur samples in the early Khazar period. Interestingly,CC-BY · From the PDF
Fig. 10 A two-dimensional NMDS plot depicting the FST data based on haplogroup frequency. The samples whose FST genetic distances are statistically insignificant to the Ural-Altaic (HUA) and the Northern Pontic (HUP) subgroups are marked by the red and green points, respectively.
Fig. 10 A two-dimensional NMDS plot depicting the FST data based on haplogroup frequency. The samples whose FST genetic distances are statistically insignificant to the Ural-Altaic (HUA) and the Northern Pontic (HUP) subgroups are marked by the red and green points, respectively.CC-BY · From the PDF
Fig. 11 The approximate geographic origins of the three genetic sources of the ancient Hungarian paternal lineages based on DNA genotyping of 19 Hungarian Conquerors
Fig. 11 The approximate geographic origins of the three genetic sources of the ancient Hungarian paternal lineages based on DNA genotyping of 19 Hungarian ConquerorsCC-BY · From the PDF

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Cited by

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Metadata

Authors
Fóthi, E., Gonzalez, A., Fehér, T., Gugora, A., Fóthi, Á., Biró, O., & Keyser, C.
ORCID
Fóthi, Erzsébet
Venue
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2020-01
Volume
12
Issue
1
ISSN
  • 1866-9557
  • 1866-9565
DOI
10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0
Cited by
27
References
1
Language
en
Licence
Funders
Avicenna Institute of Middle Eastern Studies (GF/JSZF/814/9/2015)

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