Safety, Formulation and In Vitro Antiviral Activity of the Antimicrobial Peptide Subtilosin Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
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In the present study the antiviral properties of the bacteriocin subtilosin against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and the safety and efficacy of a subtilosin-based nanofiber formulation were determined. High concentrations of subtilosin, the cyclical antimicrobial peptide produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, were virucidal against HSV-1. Interestingly, at non-virucidal concentrations, subtilosin inhibited wild type HSV-1 and aciclovir-resistant mutants in a dose-dependent manner. Although the exact antiviral mechanism is not fully understood, time of addition experiments and western blot analysis suggest that subtilosin does not affect viral multiplication steps prior to protein synthesis. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH)-based subtilosin nanofibers with a width of 278 nm were produced by the electrospinning process. The retained antimicrobial activity of the subtilosin-based fibers was determined via an agar well diffusion assay. The loading capacity of the fibers was 2.4 mg subtilosin/g fiber, and loading efficiency was 31.6%. Furthermore, the nanofibers with and without incorporated subtilosin were shown to be nontoxic to human epidermal tissues using an in vitro human tissue model. Taking together these results subtilosin-based nanofibers should be further studied as a novel alternative method for treatment and/or control of HSV-1 infection.
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The bacteriocin subtilosin, produced by Bacillus species, disrupts late infectious stages of both HSV type 1 and HSV type 2.
“the bacteriocin subtilosin, produced by species of the Bacillus genus, disrupts late infectious stages of both HSV type 1 (Torres et al., 2013) and HSV type 2 (Quintana et al., 2014).”
From Viral Infections, the Microbiome, and Probiotics (2021) · cites this paper as Torres et al., 2013
Some bacteriocins have been observed to display antiviral activity in addition to antibacterial activity.
“Also, some bacteriocins have been observed to display antiviral activity, in addition to their well-known antibacterial activity (Torres et al., 2013; Quintana et al., 2014).”
From Viral Infections, the Microbiome, and Probiotics (2021) · cites this paper as Torres et al., 2013
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- Authors
- Torres, N. I., Noll, K. S., Xu, S., Li, J., Huang, Q., Sinko, P. J., Wachsman, M. B., & Chikindas, M. L.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (AR)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chikindas, Michael L.
- Venue
- Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins
- Published
- 2013-01-13
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 26-35
- ISSN
- 1867-1306 (ISSN-L)
- 1867-1314
- PMC
- PMC3637976
- OpenAlex
- W2050952290
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 8.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI084137)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Herpesvirus Infections and Treatments
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Antimicrobial agents and applications
- Keywords
- antimicrobial peptides, herpes simplex virus type 1, acyclovir resistance, virucidal activity, nanofibers, polyvinyl alcohol, electrospinning, drug delivery, skin toxicity, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
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