The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Safety, Formulation and In Vitro Antiviral Activity of the Antimicrobial Peptide Subtilosin Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
Open accessAbstract
In the present study the antiviral properties of the bacteriocin subtilosin against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and the safety and efficacy of a subtilosin-based nanofiber formulation were determined. High concentrations of subtilosin, the cyclical antimicrobial peptide produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, were virucidal against HSV-1. Interestingly, at non-virucidal concentrations, subtilosin inhibited wild type HSV-1 and aciclovir-resistant mutants in a dose-dependent manner. Although the exact antiviral mechanism is not fully understood, time of addition experiments and western blot analysis suggest that subtilosin does not affect viral multiplication steps prior to protein synthesis. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH)-based subtilosin nanofibers with a width of 278 nm were produced by the electrospinning process. The retained antimicrobial activity of the subtilosin-based fibers was determined via an agar well diffusion assay. The loading capacity of the fibers was 2.4 mg subtilosin/g fiber, and loading efficiency was 31.6%. Furthermore, the nanofibers with and without incorporated subtilosin were shown to be nontoxic to human epidermal tissues using an in vitro human tissue model. Taking together these results subtilosin-based nanofibers should be further studied as a novel alternative method for treatment and/or control of HSV-1 infection.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“the bacteriocin subtilosin, produced by species of the Bacillus genus, disrupts late infectious stages of both HSV type 1 (Torres et al., 2013) and HSV type 2 (Quintana et al., 2014).”
From Viral Infections, the Microbiome, and Probiotics (2021) · cites this paper as Torres et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Also, some bacteriocins have been observed to display antiviral activity, in addition to their well-known antibacterial activity (Torres et al., 2013; Quintana et al., 2014).”
From Viral Infections, the Microbiome, and Probiotics (2021) · cites this paper as Torres et al., 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Rapid colorimetric assay for cell growth and survival
Denizot, F., & Lang, R. (1986) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/0022-1759(86)90368-6 · Cited by 4,935
Jenssen, H., Hamill, P., & Hancock, R. E. W. (2006) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00056-05 · Cited by 2,605
Herpes simplex virus infections
Whitley, R. J., & Roizman, B. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04638-9 · Cited by 1,391
Taylor cone and jetting from liquid droplets in electrospinning of nanofibers
Yarin, A. L., Koombhongse, S., & Reneker, D. H. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1408260 · Cited by 895
Electrospinning: A whipping fluid jet generates submicron polymer fibers
Shin, Y.-S., Hohman, M. M., Brenner, M. P., & Rutledge, G. C. (2001) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.1345798 · Cited by 702
Diversity and applications of Bacillus bacteriocins
Abriouel, H., Franz, C. M. A. P., Benomar, N., & Gálvez, A. (2010) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00244.x · Cited by 633
Gupta, R., Warren, T. J., & Wald, A. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61908-4 · Cited by 595
The neurotropic herpes viruses: herpes simplex and varicella-zoster
Steiner, I., Kennedy, P. G. E., & Pachner, A. R. (2007) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(07)70267-3 · Cited by 572
Fatahzadeh, M., & Schwartz, R. A. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.06.027 · Cited by 571
Resistance of Herpes Simplex Viruses to Nucleoside Analogues: Mechanisms, Prevalence, and Management
Piret, J., & Boivin, G. (2010) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00615-10 · Cited by 558
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–122 of 122
Silent Intruders: The Gut Virome in Brain Aging and Cognitive Decline
Silvestro, S., Midiri, A., Biondo, C., Casilli, S., Borrello, L., Zummo, S., & Mancuso, G. (2026) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens15020180 · Cited by 2
Probiotics and human gut microbiota modulation
Sinisterra-Loaiza, L., Lamas, A., Miranda, J. M., Cepeda, A., & Cardelle‐Cobas, A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-89908-6.00024-8 · Cited by 1
Schaly, S., & Prakash, S. (2023) · Healthy ageing and longevity · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14023-5_10 · Cited by 1
Ali, F., Nazifi, N., & Jaydari, A. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.22092/ari.2023.78.5.1483 · Cited by 1
Microbiome in Defence Against Pathogens
Ramanathan, J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70088-0_16 · Cited by 2
Ghosh, S., & Ray, R. R. (2025) · Livestock diseases and management · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-1885-9_13 · Cited by 1
Li, J. (2013) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3959g4m
Don’t RiPP Into the Sactipeptides!
Mathur, H., Rea, M. C., Hill, C., Ross, R. P., & Cotter, P. D. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409547-2.14564-0
Study of the Antimicrobial Potential of Bacteria found in Natural Resources
Носкова, С., Ivanova, S. A., Prosekov, A. Y., Dyshlyuk, L. S., Ulrikh, E., Shevchenko, M. A., Babich, O., & Сухих, С. А. (2021) · Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology · doi:10.22207/jpam.15.2.28
Immunity, microbiome and probiotics in viral infections
Rosenson, R. I. (2021) · Terapevt (General Physician) · doi:10.33920/med-12-2108-07
Queiroz, L. L., Hoffmann, C., Lacorte, G. A., Franco, B. D. G. D. M., & Todorov, S. D. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.10.05.463085
Smith, A. N., & Hanselman, J. C. (1978) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Schröder, J. (2021) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.739484140.793583073
Khodayari, M., Sekhavati, M. H., Peighambari, S. M., Barin, A., Dezfoulian, O., & Razmyar, J. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2480481/v1
Forouharmehr, A., Nazifi, N., & Jaydari, A. (2023) · Archives of Razi Institute · doi:10.32592/ari.2023.78.5.1483
Amanda, M. P., Budhijanto, & Ramadhani, G. A. S. (2024) · Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU · doi:10.32734/jtk.v13i1.14656
Transforming Infection Treatment with Microbiome-Based Therapeutics
Haider, A., Ali, A., Israr, M., Mariam, F., Rasheed, M. M., Taqveem, A., Waqas, U., Xu, D., Liu, Y., & Duan, T. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-3790-1_16
Daba, G. M., Elnahas, M. O., & Elkhateeb, W. A. (2024) · Frontiers in clinical drug research. Anti-infectives/Frontiers in clinical drug research. Anti infectives · doi:10.2174/9789815179811124090005
Hassan, H. H. A. M., Dakhakhny, E. E., El-Attar, A., & Kheireldein, N. E. (2026) · Advanced carbon journal. · doi:10.62184/acj.jacj1000202523
Sabra, M. S., Abdel‐Hafez, L. J. M., Bishr, A. S., Enshasy, H. A. E., Al-Agamy, M. H., Alyahya, K., & Aboshanab, K. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2026.1929148
Metadata
- Authors
- Torres, N. I., Noll, K. S., Xu, S., Li, J., Huang, Q., Sinko, P. J., Wachsman, M. B., & Chikindas, M. L.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (AR)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chikindas, Michael L.
- Venue
- Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins
- Published
- 2013-01-13
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 26-35
- ISSN
- 1867-1306 (ISSN-L)
- 1867-1314
- PMC
- PMC3637976
- OpenAlex
- W2050952290
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 8.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI084137)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Herpesvirus Infections and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antimicrobial agents and applications
- Keywords
- antimicrobial peptides, herpes simplex virus type 1, acyclovir resistance, virucidal activity, nanofibers, polyvinyl alcohol, electrospinning, drug delivery, skin toxicity, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
