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Intrinsic Capacity as a Determinant of Physical Resilience in Older Adults
Open accessAbstract
The traditional disease-oriented model of healthcare is inadequate to address the needs of the older population. Greater attention should be given to strategies that promote healthy aging. Recently proposed constructs of intrinsic capacity (IC) and physical resilience (PR) hold great potential to reshape geriatric medicine and aging research. These constructs accentuate the positive health attributes of older people in contrast to the popular frailty construct that is centered on functional deficits. IC was introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a composite of all the physical and mental capacities. WHO has emphasized enhancement of IC throughout the life course so as to maintain functional ability in old age. PR, recently highlighted by the National Institute on Aging, is the ability to successfully cope with stressors. High levels of resilience can result in desirable clinical and functional outcomes after stressors. Therefore, it is important to understand the underlying physiology of PR and the risk factors contributing to diminished PR. The main goal of this article is to explore the potential relationship between IC and PR. Based on a classical theory of aging, we postulate that IC is a determinant of PR and is also a high-level integrative measure of physiologic reserve which is the fundamental factor underlying one's ability to withstand stressors. A major implication of our postulates is that even though IC is only one of the many determinants of PR, it could serve as an important intervenable target for enhancing resilience in older adults.
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“homeostatic capacities providing resilience to stressors may diminish with age [25]”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
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“Self-reported health and grip strength are both indicators of quantitative evaluation of physiologic reserve [41].”
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“29 30 As suggested by Koivunen and Schaap 31 and Chhetri et al , 32 this approach closely aligns with the conceptualisation of intrinsic capacity as defined by the WHO, ie, as the composite of all mental and physical capacities of the individual.”
Komiyama, T., Ohi, T., Sato, E., Sato, M., & Hattori, Y. (2026) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1016/j.jnha.2026.100880 · Cited by 2
“The concept of intrinsic capacity was proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) [2]: five domains — vitality, psychological, cognitive, locomotive, and sensory — were subsequently proposed [23,24].”
(2021) · Signa Vitae · doi:10.22514/sv.2021.094 · Cited by 2
“The current study identified that these predetermined factors could have potential role in reducing the physiological reserve in these patients considering the disease course in ICU and explored the independent risk factors in which the intrinsic capacity to sustain the liberation from IMV is markedly impacted and hav…”
BackgroundWeng, B., Jin, J., Huang, L., Jiao, W., Wang, M., Zhang, X., Tong, X., & Li, Y. (2025) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s501592 · Cited by 2
Liu, Y., Yang, Z., Zhang, L., Liu, J., Wang, J., Feng, W., Shan, P., Tian, S., Jia, C., & Zhu, Y. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-094060 · Cited by 1
“28 Furthermore, IC serves as a comprehensive measure of physiological reserve, which is a fundamental determinant of an individual’s ability to withstand stress.”
Self-Efficacy, Resilience, Motivation and Teachers’ Instructional Leadership Styles
Jamisola, E., & Cabrejas, M. (2025) · Psychology and Education A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.70838/pemj.400604 · Cited by 3
Liu, S., Zheng, J., & Sun, J. (2025) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2025.103068 · Cited by 1
Wei, J. T. J., Khoo, S. S., Merchant, R. A., Tan, L. F., Jia, L., & Queenstown, O. B. O. T. H. D. @. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18060918 · Cited by 1
“Healthy lifestyle behaviours—including balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, social engagement, and avoidance of harmful behaviours such as smoking—have been shown to correlate positively with multiple IC domains [13,14].”
Yuan, Y., Wang, Y., Xu, H., & Pan, M. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-43255-8 · Cited by 1
“Chhetri et al. showed that intrinsic capacity is an important determinant of body resilience and is able to reflect an individual 's ability to cope with stressors 30 .”
Study of basic psychophysiological indicators in older adults
Karаmova, N., & Kasumov, C. Y. (2025) · Azerbaijan Journal of Physiology · doi:10.59883/ajp.98 · Cited by 1
Chaumont, A., Gould, H., Flamaing, J., Wiseman, D., Vandermeulen, C., Jongert, E., Doherty, T. M., Buchy, P., & Warter, L. (2026) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1080/1744666x.2026.2672499 · Cited by 1
“As individuals age, the functional reserve of multiple organ systems progressively decline, affecting their ability to recover physiological stressors (e.g. injury or illness) [23,24].”
Martins, F. M., de Oliveira, A. A., Júnior, G. N. D. O., Carneiro, M. A. S., de Souza, L. R. M. F., Lara, V. C., Nomelini, R. S., Assumpção, C. D. O., Souza, M. V. C., & Orsatti, F. L. (2023) · Muscles · doi:10.3390/muscles2010009 · Cited by 1
“Consequently, low physical resilience is associated with comorbidities [13], lower quality of life [16], and higher risk of death when exposed to agent stressors [14].”
BackgroundWhat Do We Talk About When We Talk About Frailty?
Falchetti, A., & Capodaglio, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.3389/fresc.2021.633961
Usability evaluation of mHealth Apps for the elderly: A scoping review (Preprint)Preprint
Wang, Q., Liu, J., Chen, X., Zhang, W., Tian, J., Wang, H., Zhou, W., Gao, Y., & Zhou, L. (2021) · doi:10.2196/preprints.34557
Proceedings of the 4th International Evolutionary Health Conference, 2023
Frassetto, L. A., Bastos, P., Cunnane, S., Fasano, A., Hansen, R. G., Mitrovic, I., & Stenvinkel, P. (2022) · Journal of Evolution and Health An Ancestral Health Society Publication · doi:10.15310/j36162718
The impact of intrinsic capacity and physical resilience on health outcomes: a case report
Perez, M., Goulart, B., Zuchen, F., Fonseca, F. L., & Lourenço, R. A. (2023) · Geriatrics Gerontology and Aging · doi:10.53886/gga.e0000070_en
O impacto da capacidade intrínseca e da resiliência física em desfechos de saúde: um relato de caso
Perez, M., Goulart, B., Zuchen, F., Fonseca, F. L., & Lourenço, R. A. (2023) · Geriatrics Gerontology and Aging · doi:10.53886/gga.e0000070_pt
Grigoraș, G., Ștefăniu, R., Pîslaru, A. I., Albişteanu, S.-M., Turcu, A.-M., Sandu, I. A., Alexa, I. D., & Ilie, A. C. (2024) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62520-6_75 · Cited by 1
Peng, R., Yang, F., Xia, W. A. N., Xu, Y., & Zhao, Q. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5476128/v1
АССОЦИАЦИЯ ВОЗРАСТНОЙ ЖИЗНЕСПОСОБНОСТИ С СИСТЕМНЫМ ВОСПАЛЕНИЕМ ПРИ НИЗКОЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ ПЕРЕЛОМАХ
Агарков, Н. М., Ибиев, А. С. О., Якунченко, Т. И., & Шорохова, А. А. (2025) · Успехи геронтологии · doi:10.34922/ae.2025.38.2.011
Ju, F., Xu, H., Zhao, M., & Wang, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1659600
Ek, S., Ding, M., Hedström, M., & Modig, K. (2025) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2025.105859
Sabzwari, S. R., Fatima, S., Sameen, S., & Maria, N. (2025) · Journal of Aging Research and Lifestyle · doi:10.1016/j.jarlif.2025.100037
“Prior research has also demonstrated that intrinsic capacity impairments contribute to increased dependence, hospitalization, and mortality among older adults [43,45].”
Assessing intrinsic capacity in older adults: A concept analysis
Logvinov, I. I., & Neff, D. F. (2026) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2026.103826
Wang, Y., Su, Q., Wu, H., Gan, X., Kong, D., Tang, N., Chen, J., Shao, M., Fu, X., Song, J., et al. (2026) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-025-03277-0
“It allows them to focus on strategies for fostering recovery capacity amidst adversity, support - ing adaptation, and maintaining autonomy [22].”
Development of a Multi-Trait Polygenic Score for Intrinsic CapacityPreprint
Beyene, M. B., Visvanathan, R., Alemu, R. G., Sharew, N. T., Theou, O., Benyamin, B., Cesari, M., Beard, J., & Amare, A. T. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.02.25.26347054
Tan, L. F., Wei, J. T. J., Tun, S. M., & Merchant, R. A. (2026) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-026-07217-z
“It is therefore important to study the correlation between IC, resilience and quality of life indices, since each of these components may influence one another, and in turn affect health outcomes [19, 20].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Chhetri, J. K., Xue, Q.-L., Ma, L., Chan, P., & Varadhan, R.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Capital Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Chhetri, Jagadish K.
- Varadhan, Ravi
- Venue
- The Journal of nutrition, health and aging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-09
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1006-1011
- ISSN
- 1279-7707 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8035602
- OpenAlex
- W3154807171
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 7.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The journal of nutrition health & aging (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (UH3AG056933, UH2AG056933, P30AG021334)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- intrinsic capacity, physical resilience, older adults, healthy aging, frailty, physiological reserve, stress coping, theories of aging, geriatrics, resilience interventions
- MeSH terms
- Frailty, Healthy Aging, Activities of Daily Living, Adaptation, Psychological, Aged, Aging, Humans
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