The Utility of the Two-Step Gender Measure Within Trans and Cis Populations
Open accessAbstract
It has been acknowledged that more research into the health and well-being of trans people is needed in order to identify important health issues. While recent studies have suggested using a two-question gender status measure to assess assigned sex at birth and gender identity, it is not well understood how participants understand and subsequently answer the questions. The study recruited a convenience sample of 50 people (25 trans and 25 cis) from the general population of Cleveland and Akron, OH. The study used cognitive interviewing methods with scripted, semi-structured and spontaneous probes when appropriate. Participants were asked to read questions out-loud, answer the questions, and explain why they answered the way they did. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed prior to analysis. The gender status questions were found to be easy to use and understood by both trans and cis participants. The two-question gender status measure was able to encompass a diversity of identities within a trans sample and be consistently answered by the study's cis participants. The measures were able to differentiate between trans and cis groups. The two-step gender measure can be a useful tool in examining gender diversity within general population studies.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-2699 · Cited by 2,590 · see citing works
Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey
Grant, J. M., Motter, L. A., & Tanis, J. (2011) · Cited by 2,063 · see citing works
Lombardi (2002) · doi:10.1300/j082v42n01_05 · Cited by 828 · see citing works
Cognitive interviewing: verbal data in the design and pretesting of questionnaires
Drennan, J. (2003) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02579.x · Cited by 769 · see citing works
A Two-Question Method for Assessing Gender Categories in the Social and Medical Sciences
Tate, C. C., Ledbetter, J. N., & Youssef, C. P. (2012) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.690110 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Deutsch, M. B., Green, J., Keatley, J., Mayer, G., Hastings, J., Hall, A. M., Deutsch, M. B., Keatley, J. G., Green, J., Allison, R., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001472 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Cahill, S., Singal, R., Grasso, C., King, D., Mayer, K., Baker, K., & Makadon, H. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107104 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Cahill, S. R., & Makadon, H. (2014) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2013.0001 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Scheim, A. I., & Bauer, G. R. (2014) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2014.893553 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Reisner, S. L., Conron, K. J., Tardiff, L. A., Steele, S. J., Gordon, A. R., & Austin, S. B. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1224 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Two-Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality
Weber, J. C., Jacobs, S., Thomas, W., et al. (1998) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2654503 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Varieties of Transgender/Transsexual Lives and Their Relationship with Transphobia
Lombardi, E. L. (2009) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918360903275393 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationReisner, S. L., Biello, K. B., Rosenberger, J. G., Austin, S. B., Haneuse, S., Perez‐Brumer, A., Novak, D. S., & Mimiaga, M. J. (2014) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0314-2 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Nuttbrock, L. A., Hwahng, S., Bockting, W. O., Rosenblum, A., Mason, M., Macri, M., & Becker, J. (2009) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e3181ab6ed8 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The social organization of transvestite prostitution and AIDS.
Boles, J. M., & Elifson, K. (1994) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90168-6 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Men Who Have Sex with Transgender Women: Challenges to Category-based HIV Prevention
Operario, D., Burton, J., Underhill, K., & Sevelius, J. (2007) · Aids and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-007-9303-y · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Lombardi, E. L. (2010) · International Journal of Transgenderism · doi:10.1080/15532739.2010.544232 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationCahill, S., & Makadon, H. J. (2014) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2014.0033 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
'O Au No Keia: Voices from Hawai'i's Mahu and Transgender Communities
Matzner, A. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Transgenderism in Latin America: Some Critical Introductory Remarks on Identities and Practices
Lancaster, R. N. (1998) · Sexualities · doi:10.1177/136346098001003002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
On bodies and research: Transgender issues in health and HIV research articles
Melendez, R. M., Bonem, L., & Sember, R. (2006) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1525/srsp.2006.3.4.21 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
(2011) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e561602013-001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Banik, S. (2013) · 141st APHA Annual Meeting and Exposition (November 2 - November 6, 2013) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Institute of Medicine (US) Board on the Health of Select Populations. (2013). Collecting sexual orientation and gender identity data in electronic health records: workshop summary. Washington (DC): National Academy of Sciences. 23967501
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bauer, G. R., Braimoh, J., Scheim, A. I., & Dharma, C. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178043 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Grasso, C., McDowell, M. J., Goldhammer, H., & Keuroghlian, A. S. (2019) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocy137 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Perspectives from Transgender and Gender Diverse People on How to Ask About Gender
Puckett, J. A., Brown, N. C., Dunn, T., Mustanski, B., & Newcomb, M. E. (2020) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2019.0295 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Considerations for transgender population health research based on US national surveys
Lett, E., & Everhart, A. (2022) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.10.009 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Jacobsen, K., Babin, C., Gormezano, A., Blackwell, E., Klassen, B., Higgins, R., Card, K., Ferlatte, O., & Lachowsky, N. J. (2026) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17269/s41997-025-01127-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lombardi, E., & Banik, S.
- Affiliations
- Baldwin Wallace University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lombardi, Emilia
- Venue
- Sexuality Research and Social Policy
- Published
- 2016-02-18
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 288-296
- ISSN
- 1553-6610 (ISSN-L)
- 1868-9884
- PMC
- PMC8699571
- OpenAlex
- W2345816177
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 5.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Sexuality Research and Social Policy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Williams Institute, UCLA
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Keywords
- gender identity, transgender people, cisgender people, cognitive interviewing, question comprehension, gender diversity, measurement validity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
