Considerations for transgender population health research based on US national surveys
Abstract
Transgender identities and health are highly politicized in the United States leading to restrictions on relevant data collection in national health surveillance systems. This has serious implications on transgender population health research; an urgent area of study given the systemic discrimination faced by transgender individuals and the resultant social and health inequities. In this precarious political climate, obtaining high-quality data for research is challenging and in recent years, two data sources have formed the foundation of transgender health research in the United States, namely the 2015 United States Transgender Study and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System after the launch of the optional Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Module in 2014. While useful, there are serious challenges to using these data to study transgender health, specifically related to survey weighting methodologies, ascertainment of gender identity, and study design. In this article, we detail these challenges and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of various methodological approaches that have been implemented as well as clarify several common errors that exist in the literature. We feel that this contribution is necessary to provide accurate interpretation of the evidence that currently informs policy and priority setting for transgender population health and will provide vital insights for future studies with these now ubiquitous sources of data in the field.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
US government survey samples of trans people have included more individuals who are older, married, heterosexual, and Black or Hispanic compared to non-probability samples.
“United States (US) government survey samples of trans people have included more individuals who are older, married, heterosexual, and Black or Hispanic compared to non-probability samples (Bauerband et al., 2023; Lett & Everhart, 2021).”
From Willingness to disclose sexual orientation and gender identity on federal government surveys: A community-based research study with gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer men and nonbinary and Two-Spirit people in Canada (2026) · cites this paper as Lett & Everhart, 2021
Cites
Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color
Crenshaw, K. (1991) · Stanford Law Review · doi:10.2307/1229039 · Cited by 29,585 · see citing works
Crenshaw, K. (2018) · Feminist Legal Theory · doi:10.4324/9780429500480-5 · Cited by 9,510 · see citing works
Crenshaw, K. W. (1998) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198782063.003.0016 · Cited by 5,707 · see citing works
Bowleg, L. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.300750 · Cited by 2,996 · see citing works
Analysis of Complex Survey Samples
Lumley, T. (2004) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v009.i08 · Cited by 2,425 · see citing works
White Hughto, J. M., Reisner, S. L., & Pachankis, J. E. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.010 · Cited by 1,680 · see citing works
Johns, M. M., Lowry, R., Andrzejewski, J., Barrios, L. C., Demissie, Z., McManus, T., Rasberry, C. N., Robin, L., & Underwood, J. M. (2019) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6803a3 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
Desai, R. J., & Franklin, J. M. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l5657 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
PROSPERO: an international prospective register of systematic reviews
Wright, K. E. (2014) · Cited by 566 · see citing works
Bauer, G. R., Braimoh, J., Scheim, A. I., & Dharma, C. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178043 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Cross-sex Hormones and Acute Cardiovascular Events in Transgender Persons: A Cohort Study
Getahun, D., Nash, R., Flanders, W. D., Baird, T. C., Becerra-Culqui, T. A., Cromwell, L., Hunkeler, E., Lash, T. L., Millman, A., Quinn, V. P., et al. (2018) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m17-2785 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Lefevor, G. T., Boyd-Rogers, C. C., Sprague, B. M., & Janis, R. A. (2019) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000339 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Pubertal Suppression for Transgender Youth and Risk of Suicidal Ideation
Turban, J. L., King, D., Carswell, J. M., & Keuroghlian, A. S. (2020) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-1725 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
A Two-Question Method for Assessing Gender Categories in the Social and Medical Sciences
Tate, C. C., Ledbetter, J. N., & Youssef, C. P. (2012) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.690110 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Meyer, I. H., Brown, T. N. T., Herman, J. L., Reisner, S. L., & Bockting, W. O. (2017) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2016.303648 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Su, D., Irwin, J. A., Fisher, C., Ramos, A. K., Kelley, M., Mendoza, D. A. R., & Coleman, J. D. (2016) · Transgender Health · doi:10.1089/trgh.2015.0001 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Cahill, S., Singal, R., Grasso, C., King, D., Mayer, K., Baker, K., & Makadon, H. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107104 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Zhang, Q., Goodman, M. G., Adams, N., Corneil, T., Hashemi, L., Kreukels, B. P. C., Motmans, J., Snyder, R. L., & Coleman, E. (2020) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/26895269.2020.1753136 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Brown, G. R., & Jones, K. T. (2015) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2015.0058 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Turban, J. L., Loo, S. S., Almazan, A. N., & Keuroghlian, A. S. (2021) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2020.0437 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Transgender data collection in the electronic health record: Current concepts and issues
Kronk, C. A., Everhart, A. R., Ashley, F., Thompson, H. M., Schall, T. E., Goetz, T. G., Hiatt, L., Derrick, Z., Queen, R., Ram, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocab136 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Self-citationWitcomb, G. L., Bouman, W. P., Claes, L., Brewin, N., Crawford, J. R., & Arcelus, J. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.051 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Reflection on modern methods: five myths about measurement error in epidemiological research
van Smeden, M., Lash, T. L., & Groenwold, R. H. H. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyz251 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
A Survey on Survey Statistics: What is Done and Can be Done in Stata
Kreuter, F., & Valliant, R. L. (2007) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0700700101 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Reisner, S. L., Biello, K. B., White Hughto, J. M., Kuhns, L., Mayer, K. H., Garofalo, R., & Mimiaga, M. J. (2016) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0067 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Flores, A. R., Meyer, I. H., Langton, L. L., & Herman, J. L. (2021) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2020.306099 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Kattari, S. K., Bakko, M., Hecht, H. K., & Kattari, L. (2019) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100525 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Matching Methods for Confounder Adjustment: An Addition to the Epidemiologist’s Toolbox
Greifer, N., & Stuart, E. A. (2021) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxab003 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Blosnich, J. R., Marsiglio, M. C., Gao, S., Gordon, A. J., Shipherd, J. C., Kauth, M. R., Brown, G. R., & Fine, M. J. (2016) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302981 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Kachen, A., & Pharr, J. R. (2020) · Transgender Health · doi:10.1089/trgh.2020.0017 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Streed, C. G., McCarthy, E. P., & Haas, J. S. (2017) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.1460 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Reisner, S. L., Conron, K. J., Scout, Baker, K., Herman, J., Lombardi, E. L., Greytak, E. A., Gill, A. M., & Matthews, A. K. (2015) · TSQ Transgender Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1215/23289252-2848877 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The health status of transgender and gender nonbinary adults in the United States
Cicero, E. C., Reisner, S. L., Merwin, E., Humphreys, J. C., & Silva, S. G. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228765 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Access to Care for Transgender Veterans in the Veterans Health Administration: 2006–2013
Kauth, M. R., Shipherd, J. C., Lindsay, J. A., Blosnich, J. R., Brown, G. R., & Jones, K. T. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302086 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Intersectionality and Health Inequities for Gender Minority Blacks in the U.S.
Lett, E., Dowshen, N., & Baker, K. (2020) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.04.013 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentifying the Transgender Population in the Medicare Program
Proctor, K., Haffer, S. C., Ewald, E., Hodge, C., & James, C. (2016) · Transgender Health · doi:10.1089/trgh.2016.0031 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Evaluating the Use of a Two-Step Gender Identity Measure in the 2018 General Social Survey
Lagos, D., & Compton, D. R. (2021) · Demography · doi:10.1215/00703370-8976151 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Baker, K. (2019) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.7931 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Streed, C. G., McCarthy, E. P., & Haas, J. S. (2018) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2017.0275 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Cahill, S., & Makadon, H. J. (2017) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2017.0073 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
A novel method for estimating transgender status using electronic medical records
Roblin, D. W., Barzilay, J. I., Tolsma, D., Robinson, B. E., Schild, L., Cromwell, L., Braun, H., Nash, R., Gerth, J., Hunkeler, E. M., et al. (2016) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.01.004 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Association of Nondiscrimination Policies With Mental Health Among Gender Minority Individuals
McDowell, A., Raifman, J., Progovac, A. M., & Rose, S. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0770 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Baker, K., Streed, C. G., & Durso, L. E. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp2032447 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Non-HDL Cholesterol Levels in Childhood and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Adulthood
Juonala, M., Wu, F., Sinaiko, A. R., Woo, J. G., Urbina, E. M., Jacobs, D. R., Steinberger, J., Prineas, R. J., Koskinen, J. M., Sabin, M. A., et al. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-2114 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The Utility of the Two-Step Gender Measure Within Trans and Cis Populations
Lombardi, E., & Banik, S. (2016) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-016-0220-6 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Tordoff, D. M., Andrasik, M. P., & Hajat, A. (2019) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001046 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Kcomt, L., Evans-Polce, R. J., Boyd, C. J., & McCabe, S. E. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108223 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Insurance Coverage and Use of Hormones Among Transgender Respondents to a National Survey
Stroumsa, D., Crissman, H. P., Dalton, V. K., Kolenic, G. E., & Richardson, C. R. (2020) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.2586 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Eusebi, L. H., Black, C. J., Howden, C. W., & Ford, A. C. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l6483 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Crissman, H. P., Stroumsa, D., Kobernik, E. K., & Berger, M. B. (2019) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2018.7411 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Cicero, E. C., Reisner, S. L., Merwin, E., Humphreys, J. C., & Silva, S. G. (2020) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000428 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Tordoff, D. M., Morgan, J., Dombrowski, J. C., Golden, M. R., & Barbee, L. A. (2019) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000000952 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Becerra, M. B., Rodriquez, E. J., Avina, R. M., & Becerra, B. J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247812 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Lett, E., Asabor, E. N., Beltrán, S., & Dowshen, N. (2020) · Transgender Health · doi:10.1089/trgh.2020.0095 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationThe DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Gender Dysphoria
Zucker, K. J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-5696-1_4 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Management of Gender Dysphoria
Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Elaut, E., Kreukels, B. P. C., Trombetta, C., Liguori, G., & Bertolotto, M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-5696-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Pharr, J. R., & Batra, K. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9060696 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Estimating the Health Status of Privately Insured Gender Minority Children and Adults
McDowell, A., Progovac, A. M., Cook, B. L., & Rose, S. (2019) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2018.0238 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Surveying Nepal's Third Gender
Knight, K., Flores, A. R., & Nezhad, S. J. (2015) · TSQ Transgender Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1215/23289252-2848904 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Past-Year Suicidal Ideation Among Transgender Individuals in the United States
Yockey, R. A., King, K. A., & Vidourek, R. A. (2020) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2020.1803165 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Xie, F., Getahun, D. T., Quinn, V. P., Im, T. M., Contreras, R., Silverberg, M. J., Baird, T. C., Nash, R., Cromwell, L., Roblin, D. W., et al. (2020) · Informatics for Health and Social Care · doi:10.1080/17538157.2020.1828890 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 66 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lett, E., Abrams, M. P., Gold, A., Fullerton, F.-A., & Everhart, A. R. (2022) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02246-6 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationTran, N. K., Lunn, M. R., Schulkey, C. E., Tesfaye, S., Nambiar, S., Chatterjee, S., Kozlowski, D., Lozano, P., Randal, F. T., Mo, Y., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.24969 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Beccia, A. L., Austin, S. B., Baek, J., Agénor, M., Forrester, S., Ding, E. Y., Jesdale, W. M., & Lapane, K. L. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114956 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Prevalence of Private and Public Health Insurance Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Adults
Downing, J. M., Lawley, K. A., & McDowell, A. (2022) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000001693 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Miller, G. H., Márquez-Velarde, G., Mills, A. R., Hernandez, S. M., Brown, L. E., Mustafa, M., & Shircliff, J. E. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.15083 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Increases in Self-identifying as Transgender Among US Adults, 2014–2022
Twenge, J. M., Wells, B. E., Le, J., & Rider, G. N. (2024) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-024-01001-7 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Round, R., Gokool, N., Manica, G., Paschall, L., & Foulcer, S. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2023.107243 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gonzales, G., Tran, N. M., & Bennett, M. A. (2022) · Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law · doi:10.1215/03616878-9978117 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Cicero, E. C., Lett, E., Flatt, J. D., Benson, G. P., & Epps, F. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbad012 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationLett, E., Abrams, M. P., Moberg, E., Benson, G. P., & Perlson, J. E. (2022) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02348-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationTran, N. M., Mann, S., Cortez, M. G., Harrell, B. J., & Nettuno, L. (2023) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107705 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Tran, N. K., Baker, K., Lett, E., & Scheim, A. I. (2022) · Journal of Health Services Research & Policy · doi:10.1177/13558196221123413 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationSexual Orientation and Gender Identity Data Reporting Among U.S. Health Centers
McDowell, A., Myong, C., Tevis, D., & Fung, V. (2022) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2021.12.017 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Tordoff, D. M., Minalga, B., Catháin, N. Ó., Fernandez, A., Gross, B. B., Glick, S. N., & and The Seattle Trans and Nonbinary Sexual Health (STARS) Advisory Board (2024) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwae341 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Delays in Accessing Healthcare Across the Gender Spectrum in the All of Us Research Program
Finneran, P., Toribio, M. P., Natarajan, P., & Honigberg, M. C. (2023) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-023-08548-y · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sleep disturbance and suicide risk among sexual and gender minority people
Dolsen, E. A., Byers, A. L., Flentje, A., Goulet, J. L., Jasuja, G. K., Lynch, K. E., Maguen, S., & Neylan, T. C. (2022) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100488 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Pain mechanisms in the transgender individual: a review
Anger, J. T., Case, L. K., Baranowski, A. P., Berger, A. S., Craft, R. M., Damitz, L., Gabriel, R. A., Harrison, T. E., Kaptein, K., Lee, S., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2024.1241015 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
King, W. M., Gamarel, K. E., Fleischer, N. L., Radix, A. E., Poteat, T., Chatters, L. M., Operario, D., Reisner, S. L., Wirtz, A. L., American Cohort to Study HIV Acquisition Among Transgender Women (LITE) Study Group, et al. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18317-z · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ethical Imperatives for Working With Diverse Populations in Digital Research
Herington, J., Connelly, K., & Illes, J. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/47884 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
MacDougall, H., Henning‐Smith, C., Gonzales, G., & Ott, A. (2023) · Medical Care Research and Review · doi:10.1177/10775587231191649 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Inequities in Self-Reported Social Risk Factors by Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
Nguyen, K. H., Levengood, T. W., Gordon, A. R., Menard, L., ALLEN, H. L., & Gonzales, G. (2024) · JAMA Health Forum · doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2024.3176 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Analyzing Trans and Nonbinary Workers’ Response to Workplace Discrimination
Hazelwood, B., Shircliff, J. E., Glass, C., Miller, G. H., Márquez-Velarde, G., & Suárez, M. I. (2024) · Work and Occupations · doi:10.1177/07308884241240079 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Beccia, A. L., Agénor, M., Baek, J., Ding, E., Lapane, K. L., & Austin, S. B. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116804 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Streed, C. G., Lett, E., & Restar, A. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.24948 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes Workplace Discrimination Contribute to Sex Work for Trans and Nonbinary Workers?
Shircliff, J. E., Hazelwood, B., Glass, C., Suárez, M. I., Miller, G. H., & Márquez-Velarde, G. (2023) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spad057 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Suarez, N. A., McKinnon, I. I., Krause, K. H., Rasberry, C. N., Pampati, S., & Underwood, J. M. (2024) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2024.05.004 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Alpert, A. B., Babbs, G., Sanaeikia, R., Ellison, J. E., Hughes, L. D., Herington, J., & Dembroff, R. (2024) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-024-02111-w · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Stacey, L., Wislar, W., & Reczek, C. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117525 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Everhart, A. R., Ferguson, L., & Wilson, J. P. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115014 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationModi, A. C., Beal, S. J., Becker, S. P., Boerner, K. E., Burton, E. T., Chen, D., Crosby, L. E., Hilliard, M. E., Hood, A., Kahhan, N. A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsad094 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
King, W. M., Fleischer, N. L., Operario, D., Chatters, L. M., & Gamarel, K. E. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106654 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Recognizing Identity Fluidity in Demographic Research
Saperstein, A. (2024) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/padr.12670 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Yu, L., Wiik, A., Connelly, M. A., Lindberg, L., Andersson, D. P., Arver, S., Gustafsson, T. P., & Tietge, U. J. F. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae745 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zubizarreta, D., Beccia, A. L., Vable, A. M., Gordon, A. R., & Austin, S. B. (2024) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwae434 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Aging in isolation: Sexual orientation differences in navigating cognitive decline
Tran, N. M., McKay, T., Gonzales, G., Dusetzina, S. B., & Fry, C. (2024) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2024.101699 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Science and Public Health as a Tool for Social Justice Requires Methodological Rigor
Lett, E., Everhart, A. R., Streed, C. G., & Restar, A. (2022) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2022-059680a · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationWiegand, A. A., Zubizarreta, D., Kennedy, R., Baral, S., Scheim, A. I., Appenroth, M. N., Radix, A. E., Cole, S. W., & Reisner, S. L. (2024) · Transgender Health · doi:10.1089/trgh.2023.0050 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Modi, A. C., Beal, S. J., Becker, S. P., Boerner, K. E., Burton, E. T., Chen, D., Crosby, L. E., Hilliard, M. E., Hood, A., Kahhan, N. A., et al. (2024) · Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1037/cpp0000519 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Aguayo‐Romero, R. A., Beccia, A. L., Trinh, M.-H., & Reisner, S. L. (2025) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaaf022 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Subjective Cognitive Decline Among Transgender Adults
Chiow, J., & Cicero, E. C. (2025) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.13047 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cramer, R. J., Kaniuka, A. R., Tucker, R. P., Hanson, B., Fording, R. C., Robertson, L., Mesaeh, C. M., Zabelski, S., & Joiner, T. E. (2024) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-024-00998-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Demographic Differences in Responses to a Two-Step Gender Identity Measure
Pao, C., Julian, C. A., Compton, D. R., Lagos, D., & Stacey, L. (2025) · Sociological Science · doi:10.15195/v12.a13 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Felt, D., Beach, L. B., Ashley, F., & Phillips, G. (2023) · Transgender Health · doi:10.1089/trgh.2023.0010 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Now, More Than Ever, We Need Institutional Commitments to Transgender Health Research
Tordoff, D. M., Tran, N. K., Obedin‐Maliver, J., & Lunn, M. R. (2025) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2025.308195 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Beccia, A. L., Hazzard, V. M., Rodgers, R. F., Zubizarreta, D., Schaefer, L. M., & Burke, N. L. (2025) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2025.09.014 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Quantitative intersectionality research: Past, present, and future directions
Zubizarreta, D., Beccia, A. L., & Platt, J. M. (2026) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2026.110061 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Santiago-Rodríguez, E. J., Rivadeneira, N. A., DeVost, M. A., Sarkar, U., & Hiatt, R. A. (2022) · Health Equity · doi:10.1089/heq.2022.0013 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Patients
Cortes-Puentes, G. A., Allison, T. G., Davidge-Pitts, C. J., González, C. A., Bonikowske, A. R., Lim, K. G., & Kennedy, C. C. (2024) · CHEST Pulmonary · doi:10.1016/j.chpulm.2024.100040 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
What is Known About LGBTQ Youth and Exclusionary Discipline? A Scoping Review
Samimi, C., Buraik, L. M., Oteman, Q., & Marsalis, S. E. (2024) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2024.2420077 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jacobsen, K., Babin, C., Gormezano, A., Blackwell, E., Klassen, B., Higgins, R., Card, K., Ferlatte, O., & Lachowsky, N. J. (2026) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17269/s41997-025-01127-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gerwe, C. D. (2025) · Journal of LGBTQ Issues in Counseling · doi:10.1080/26924951.2025.2472931 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Unveiling health disparities: Diagnostic prevalences in a transgender cohort versus matched controls
Hiatt, L., Ofori-Atta, B. S., Bakian, A. V., Mihalopoulos, N. L., Keeshin, B. R., Docherty, A. R., Staley, M., Fraser, A. M., Sullivan, E. J., Kaufman, E. A., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0329849 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Demographic trends in gender identity among adults in the United States, 2014–2021
Barry, M. P., Godwin, J., Lucas, R., Tordoff, D. M., Koenig, L. J., & Goodreau, S. M. (2025) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/26895269.2025.2537874 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Babbs, G., Dai, D., Boskey, E. R., Balkan, E., & Hughto, J. M. W. (2025) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2025.308187 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Recommendations for Forensic Assessment and Treatment of Transgender and Gender Diverse Individuals
Rilen, S., Yerke, A. F., & Reeb, J. (2026) · Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/24732850.2026.2617427 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cortes-Puentes, G. A., Davidge-Pitts, C. J., González, C. A., Scrodin, M. M. D., Kennedy, C. C., & Lim, K. G. (2023) · Respiratory Medicine Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2023.101876 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Smith‐Johnson, M. (2024) · Demography · doi:10.1215/00703370-11689375 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Perspective Chapter: Transitioning to Transgender – How Can We Help?
Cress, P. E. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.104599
Zazanis, N., & Prins, S. J. (2024) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2024.0067
Boehmer, U., Wheldon, C. W., & Jesdale, B. M. (2025) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-025-01799-0
Alcohol Use Disparities Among Transgender and Nonbinary Adults: An Intersectional Investigation
Shorey, R. C., Briley, D. A., Hereth, J. E., Munson, M., Fishbach, J. S., & Cohen, J. R. (2025) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.14077
Gutiérrez, J. M. G., Reed, D. E., Macia, K. S., Fletcher, O. V., Williams, E. C., & Chen, J. A. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118369
Barriers to Healthcare and Societal Care for Transgender Individuals
Nelson, L. A., & Shurpn, K. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-07649-6_43
Santoro, M., Heaton, L. J., Cheung, H. J., Preston, R. A., & Tranby, E. P. (2026) · Frontiers in Oral Health · doi:10.3389/froh.2026.1843339
Fernández, D., del Río‐González, A. M., Bowleg, L., & Begeny, C. T. (2026) · Feminism & Psychology · doi:10.1177/09593535261460095
- Authors
- Lett, E., & Everhart, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lett, Elle
- Venue
- Annals of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-01
- Volume
- 65
- Pages
- 65-71
- ISSN
- 1047-2797 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3210093881
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 12
- FWCI
- 11.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Annals of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Medical Studies
- Keywords
- transgender health, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, survey weighting, health disparities, transgender discrimination, research design
- MeSH terms
- Population Health, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Transsexualism, United States, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Transgender Persons
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
