Scenarios for an agroecological transition of smallholder family farmers: a case study in Guadeloupe

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

To design biodiversity-based agricultural systems, changes are required at three levels: the farming system, the socio-technical system, and the social-ecological system.

“Duru et al. (2015a) showed that to design biodiversitybased agricultural systems, changes are required at three levels, namely the farming system, the socio-technical system, and the social-ecological system.”

• cites Duru et al. 2015a sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The operational proposition developed by Barnaud et al. (2018) allows one to highlight existing interdependencies between actors involved in the provision and use of ecosystem services and disservices in order to guide collective decision-making.

“We followed the operational proposition developed by Barnaud et al. (2018).It allows one to highlight existing interdependencies between actors involved in the provision and use of ecosystem services and disservices in order to guide collective decision-making.”

• cites Barnaud et al. 2018 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants formed two groups, one with farmers and one with researchers, to be able to compare their points of view, but also to partially address information and power asymmetries that can emerge in such situations.

“Subsequently, participants formed two groups, one with farmers and one with researchers, to be able to compare their points of view, but also to partially address information and power asymmetries that can emerge in such situations (Barnaud et al. 2016).”

• cites Barnaud et al. 2016 sourcePartly supported

  The theoretical framing (p. 5) says unequal access to information and the risk that less influential participants’ views will be overlooked can limit participation. The paper therefore supports the concern about information and power asymmetries, but it does not describe separating farmers and researchers into groups or establish that this grouping addresses those asymmetries. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Information networks play a key role in the adoption of technologies and innovative practices, and in addressing environmental change in agricultural systems.

“Information networks play a key role in the adoption of technologies and innovative practices, and in addressing environmental change in agricultural systems (Chaudhury et al. 2017;Isaac 2012;Maertens and Barrett 2013).”

• cites Chaudhury et al. 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Isaac 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Maertens and Barrett 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The introduction and Discussion (page unavailable in our copy) describe social networks as important to farmers’ learning about new technologies and the diffusion of agricultural innovations. They do not say that information networks help agricultural systems address environmental change; the Discussion mentions climate data only as a possible aid to future research. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

For Duru et al. (2015b) or Gliessman (2016), the efficiency and substitution stages correspond to a weak transition and a technocentric form of agriculture that does not break with dependence on industrial inputs and monoculture practices; the redesign stage corresponds to a conversion based on agroecological principles.

“For Duru et al. (2015b) or Gliessman (2016), the two first stages correspond to a weak transition and a technocentric form of agriculture that does not break with the dependence of industrial inputs and monoculture practices.The redesign stage corresponds to a conversion of the farm based on agroecological principles such as the enhancement of agroecosystem diversity, soil, and animal health.”

• cites Duru et al. 2015bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Gliessman 2016 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

SNA makes it possible to understand and highlight interactions and knowledge flows between actors.

“SNA makes it possible to understand and highlight interactions and knowledge flows between actors (Chaudhury et al. 2017;Isaac 2012;Newman 2003).”

• cites Chaudhury et al. 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Isaac 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Newman 2003 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Changes implemented by farmers are compatible with an existing socio-technical system.

“Deffontaines et al. (2020) highlighted that changes implemented by farmers are compatible with an existing socio-technical system.”

• cites Deffontaines et al. (2020) sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

AETs are based on material and immaterial interactions (beliefs, modes and coordination of actors, socialization, and learning processes) which are melted together on the site.

“They are based on material and immaterial interactions (beliefs, modes and coordination of actors, socialization, and learning processes) which are melted together on the site (Hakmi and Zaoual 2008).”

• cites Hakmi and Zaoual 2008 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Access to natural resources is one of the main lock-ins to the wide-scale use of agroecological practices.

“This is not surprising since, according to Anderson et al. (2019), access to natural resources is one of the main lock-ins to the wide-scale use of agroecological practices.”

• cites Anderson et al. (2019) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Such a change is not easy and requires a change in researchers' attitudes toward participation, local stakeholders, the type of methods used, and the type of knowledge produced.

“Such a change is not easy, and requires a change in researchers' attitudes toward participation, local stakeholders (Neef and Neubert 2011), the type of methods used, and the type of knowledge produced.”

• cites Neef and Neubert 2011 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participatory approaches need to balance legitimacy, credibility, and divergent demands, but also offer new interactions and mediation opportunities.

“Such participatory approaches need to balance legitimacy, credibility, and divergent demands (McBride et al. 2017), but also offer new interactions and mediation opportunities (Andreotti et al. 2020).”

• cites McBride et al. 2017 sourceSupported
• cites Andreotti et al. 2020 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Methods like the one presented create awareness of mutual interdependencies between people and the ecological processes that shape their activities and are key for researchers' reflexivity on their role in the action arena.

“As shown in Barnaud et al. (2018), methods like the one we presented not only create awareness of mutual interdependencies between people and the ecological processes that shape their activities, but are also key for researchers' reflexivity on their role in the action arena.”

• cites Barnaud et al. (2018) sourcePartly supported

  In “AN ACTIONABLE FRAMEWORK,” Barnaud et al. propose participatory methods that could increase awareness of social interdependencies and say that reflecting on researchers’ roles in the action arena is critical. The paper does not establish that such methods create that awareness or are themselves key to researchers’ reflexivity; the Conclusion describes the framework as a proposal still to be tested. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Among the 63 farms surveyed, 23% were conventional (type 1), 20% were type 2, 34% were type 3, and 23% were fully agroecological (type 4).

“According to the type and amount of inputs used, the level of diversification of the farm, and the recycling or not of biomass, 23% of the 63 farms surveyed were considered to be conventional (type 1), 20% corresponded to ones where farmers had changed practices to be more efficient in their use of synthetic inputs (type 2), 34% were combining cropping/livestock systems under conventional and agro”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 63 farms surveyed are representative of smallholder family farmers in Guadeloupe.

May combine two claims.

A single farm could have diverse cropping and livestock subsystems, and the farmer might apply agroecological principles in some but not all of them.

“A single farm could have diverse cropping and livestock subsystems, and the farmer might apply agroecological principles in some but not all of them.”

May combine two claims.

Sugar cane cropping systems are usually managed conventionally, whereas agroecological principles are applied in arboriculture, apiculture, gardening, and livestock sub-systems.

“For instance, sugar cane cropping systems are usually managed in a conventional manner, whereas agroecological principles are applied in arboriculture, apiculture, gardening, and livestock sub-systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For the four types of farms, activities were mostly conducted by a single farmer.

“For the four types of farms, activities were mostly conducted by a single farmer.”

May combine two claims.

Type 3 farmers are already engaged in the AET but face challenges in the diversification of their farms and the integration of its various subcomponents.

“Type 3 farmers are already engaged in this AET, but face challenges in the diversification of their farms and the integration of its various subcomponents.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The use of service providers was common for soil tillage and harvests for sugar cane cropping systems.

“The use of service providers was common for soil tillage and harvests for sugar cane cropping systems.”

May combine two claims.

Type 2 farms also produced sugar cane, but implemented management practices (fertigation or mechanical weeding) to decrease or render more efficient the use of synthetic inputs.

“Type 2 farms also were producing sugar cane, but they were implementing management practices (fertigation or mechanical weeding) to decrease or render more efficient the use of synthetic inputs.”

May combine two claims.

Most farmers envisioned a gradual transition from a conventional to a more efficient farming system, or to a system in which synthetic inputs were replaced with organic ones (biopesticides, cover plant).

“Most farmers envisioned a gradual transition from a conventional to a more efficient farming system, or to a system in which synthetic inputs were replaced with organic ones (biopesticides, cover plant).”

May combine two claims.

Farmers already considered agroecological (farmers 13 and 15) tested changes permitting improved biomass production while strengthening the livestock sub-system, and were also interested in new modes of commercializing products.

“Farmers already considered being agroecological (farmers 13 and 15) tested changes permitting improved biomass production (which was generally lower than that obtained by conventional farmers) while strengthening the livestock sub-system; they were also interested in new modes of commercializing products.”

May combine two claims.

Type 3 farms were more diversified, with main area cropped with sugar cane and additional area generally dedicated to vegetable gardening managed under agroecological practices (recycling of biomass and nutrients, low use of synthetic fertilizers, intercropping of species), as well as some cattle managed in traditional mode.

“Type 3 farms corresponded to more diversified systems, with the main area cropped with sugar cane and an additional area generally dedicated to vegetable gardening managed under agroecological practices (recycling of biomass and nutrients, low use of synthetic fertilizers, intercropping of species), as well as some cattle managed in the traditional mode.”

May combine two claims.

Some actors are only linked to farmers by a specific connection, whereas others have multiple links and are part of various networks.

“Some actors are only linked to farmers by a specific connection, whereas others have multiple links and are part of various networks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Farmer 11 aims to improve the efficiency of inputs through fertigation.

“He aims to improve the efficiency of inputs through fertigation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Farmer 15 plans to produce vermicompost, double the area of madere, and increase poultry production to 25 animals.

“He plans to produce vermicompost, double the area of madere, and increase poultry production (25 animals).”

May combine two claims.

Farmer 11's scenario led to a decrease in the consumption of inputs and an increase in income.

“This scenario led to a decrease in the consumption of inputs and an increase in income.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The lack of functional farmer groups or organizations was mentioned.

“The lack of functional farmer groups or organizations was mentioned.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Flows of biomass between agriculture and the energy sector and institutional innovations such as multi-forums of actors were proposed.

“For example, flows of biomass between agriculture and the energy sector and institutional innovations such as multi-forums of actors were proposed.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

An important element identified by farmers was that different actors need to better understand each other's constraints and opportunities, the functioning of the natural resources of their territory, and their own interactions.

“An important element identified by the farmers was that different actors need to better understand each other's constraints and opportunities, the functioning of the natural resources of their territory, and their own interactions.”

May combine two claims.

The research team better identified their own role in a broader innovation ecosystem and their potential role as facilitators of interactions between the various stakeholders in the territory.

“Specifically, the research team better identified their own role in a broader innovation ecosystem (Pigford et al. 2018) and their potential role as facilitators of interactions between the various stakeholders in the territory.”

• cites Pigford et al. 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

While step 3 identified enablers for the implementation of agroecological practices, step 4 mostly highlighted constraints to their implementation.

“While step 3 made it possible to identify enablers for the implementation of agroecological practices, step 4 mostly highlighted constraints to their implementation.”

May combine two claims.

Participants expressed misunderstandings and feelings of mistrust between actors in the agricultural sector.

“In this session, participants expressed misunderstandings and feelings of mistrust between actors in the agricultural sector (sensu largo).”

May combine two claims.

In the participatory workshop, farmers identified diverse water resources (rill, mangrove swamp, dam, pond, water drilling) and their positive (amphibian/insect/bee refuge securing gardening production) and negative services (degradation in water quality and risk of contamination by pesticides).

“For example, they identified the diverse water resources (rill, mangrove swamp, dam, pond, water drilling) and their positive (such as amphibian/insect/bee refuge securing gardening production) and negative services (degradation in water quality and risk of contamination by pesticides).”

May combine two claims.

At the farm scale, it was possible to focus on technical changes, which depend on the location of the farm in an AET pathway, and which mostly aim to improve the efficiency of synthetic input use or to replace synthetic inputs with organic ones.

“At the farm scale, it was possible to focus on technical changes, which depend on the location of the farm in an AET pathway, and which mostly aim to improve the efficiency of synthetic input use or to replace synthetic inputs with organic ones.”

May combine two claims.

The analysis showed the specific role of research scientists in a broader innovation ecosystem where other actors need to be involved, and helped the scientists involved to fine tune their research activities to farmers' needs.

“Furthermore, it showed the specific role of research scientists in a broader innovation ecosystem where other actors need to be involved, and helped the scientists involved to fine tune their research activities to farmers' needs.”

May combine two claims.

From the farmers' perspective, the process generated a new dynamic of interaction with scientists and a pilot project to develop organic poultry and fodder production, which is a challenge in the region.

“From the farmers' perspective, the process generated a new dynamic of interaction with scientists and a pilot project to develop organic poultry and fodder production, which is a challenge in the region.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Local production of legumes to feed animals needs to be in place in order to develop organic poultry based on agroecological principles.

May combine two claims.

The analysis particularly highlighted the actors enabling or constraining the AET, and allowed farmers to explore more ambitious transformative changes, such as flows of biomass between the agriculture and energy sectors, and institutional innovations allowing synergies between actors.

“It particularly highlighted the actors enabling or constraining the AET, and allowed farmers to explore more ambitious transformative changes, such as flows of biomass between the agriculture and energy sectors, and institutional innovations allowing synergies between actors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Given that the soils are not contaminated by chlordecone, there is a high demand for crop and animal products from the Nord Grande Terre territory.

“Given that the soils are not contaminated by chlordecone, there is a high demand for crop and animal products from this territory (Fig. 2).”

May combine two claims.

Smallholder farms (defined as having a standard gross output of less than EUR 25,000 per year) contribute considerably to the production of agricultural goods and services, and represent 90% of the total number of farms in the study area.

“As observed elsewhere in Guadeloupe, smallholder farms (defined as having a standard gross output of less than EUR 25,000 per year) contribute considerably to the production of agricultural goods and services, and represent 90% of the total number of farms in the study area (Agreste 2022).”

• cites Agreste 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

As socio-technical and social-ecological systems can support or impede the application of individual practices, methods and tools are needed that can connect changes in practices to changes in these systems to achieve an AET.

“As socio-technical and social-ecological systems can support or impede the application of individual practices, methods and tools are needed that can connect changes in practices to changes in these systems to achieve an AET.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

This is one of the first operational methodological tools to build scenarios and action plans for an AET taking into account simultaneous changes in farming systems, socio-technical systems, and social-ecological systems.

“This is one of the first operational methodological tools to build scenarios and action plans for an AET taking into account simultaneous changes in these three systems.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The study selected 15 farmers who represented the diversity of farms identified in step 1.

“This analysis was carried out in March 2019 during a 1.5day workshop with 15 farmers who represented the diversity of farms identified in step 1.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In these approaches, biophysical processes, particularly yields under diverse management practices or pedo-climatic conditions, are not simulated but are inputs of the models based on expert knowledge, literature, or experimental databases.

“In these approaches, the biophysical processes, and particularly the yields obtained under a diversity of management practices or pedo-climatic conditions, are not simulated but are inputs of the models based on expert knowledge (from farmers, advisers, and researchers), the literature, or experimental databases (Le Gal et al. 2022).”

• cites Le Gal et al. 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The study selected a sub-sample of 18 farmers who represented farmers at various locations along the AET gradient.

“Out of the 63 farmers in step 1, we selected a sub-sample of 18 farmers who represented farmers at various locations along the AET gradient.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The study used a model developed for the Guadeloupe region which considers the various crop and livestock systems that may be found in the diversified farms of the region.

“We used a model developed for the Guadeloupe region which considers the various crop and livestock systems that may be found in the diversified farms of the region.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The study used 45 farmers from the initial list of 63 farmers in step 1, different from those in step 2 to avoid involving the same farmers in too many surveys.

“To do so, between June and August 2018, we collected social network data through a semi-structured questionnaire with 45 farmers from the initial list of 63 farmers in step 1 (around 8 to 10 farmers for each of the five districts in the study site).They were different from the ones that participated in step 2 in order to avoid involving the same farmers in too many surveys.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Simple models which calculate the supply and demand of mineral, fodder, or cash resources are more suited to formulate and assess technical alternatives at the farm scale in a participatory exercise than optimization models or more complex rule-based simulation models.

“Sempore et al. (2015) showed that simple models which calculate the supply and demand of mineral, fodder, or cash resources are more suited to formulate and assess technical alternatives at the farm scale in a participatory exercise than optimization models or more complex rule-based simulation models.”

• cites Sempore et al. 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Whole-farm simulation models can be useful since they permit the redesign of a farm to be considered.

“Whole-farm simulation models can be useful since they permit the redesign of a farm to be considered (Pissonnier et al. 2019).”

• cites Pissonnier et al. 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The sugar processing plant, farmers' cooperatives, and technical institutes could help support the transformation of type 1 farmers.

“The sugar processing plant, farmers' cooperatives, and technical institutes could help support this transformation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Many authors mentioned the role of peers and older farmers as holders of endogenous knowledge on agroecological practices and are consequently key actors for this transition.

“Many authors mentioned the role of peers and older farmers as holders of endogenous knowledge on agroecological practices and are consequently key actors for this transition (Darré 1991;Della Rossa et al. 2020).”

• cites Darré 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Della Rossa et al. 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Obstacles at the territory level involving access to resources may explain why farmers initially were prudent.

“It seems that for this scenario, obstacles at the level of the territory involving access to resources may also explain why farmers initially were so prudent.”

May combine two claims.

It is important for farmers to navigate between networks and to combine various knowledge sources.

“This demonstrates the importance for farmers to navigate between networks but also to combine various knowledge sources.”

May combine two claims.

The introduction of a market gardening activity in farmer 6's production system demonstrates a search for higher diversification, but the compost is purchased rather than produced through closer integration with his livestock systems.

“The introduction of a market gardening activity in the production system demonstrates a search for a higher diversification of the farm, but the compost is purchased rather than produced through a closer integration with his livestock systems.”

May combine two claims.

Farmers proposed what they found realistic to be implemented on their farms and did not think outside the box.

“Farmers consequently proposed what they found realistic to be implemented on their farms and did not think outside the box.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The method proposed allows both diagnosis at the individual and territory scale and exploration of individual and territory alternatives, with the aim to identify key technical, practice, organizational, and interaction changes needed for an AET.

“The method we propose allows both the diagnosis at the individual (step 1) and territory scale (steps 3 and 4) and the exploration of individual (step 2) and territory alternatives (step 5), with the aim to identify key technical, practice, organizational, and interaction changes needed for an AET.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The action plan's five key areas are sufficient to achieve AET.

May combine two claims.

Low connections with public institutions do not mean that no connection exists, since the agroecological farmers were the most connected ones.

“However, low connections with public institutions do not mean that no connection exists since the agroecological farmers were the most connected ones.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In studies focusing on the definition of scenarios, it is not easy to assess their concrete and future outcomes, given that they generally aim to improve capacities to produce anticipatory knowledge and strategic planning rather than to provide ready-made solutions.

“In studies focusing on the definition of scenarios, it is not easy to assess their concrete and futures outcomes, given that they generally aim to improve capacities to produce anticipatory knowledge and strategic planning rather than to provide ready-made solutions (Dumrongrojwatthana et al. 2011;Pissonnier et al. 2019;Vervoort et al. 2014).”

• cites Dumrongrojwatthana et al. 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Pissonnier et al. 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Vervoort et al. 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The associated change in practice may happen in the medium or long term.

“Furthermore, the associated change in practice may happen in the medium or long term.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

AETs are situated processes embedded in a territory.

“Many authors have shown that AETs are situated processes embedded in a territory (Berthet et al. 2015;Duru et al. 2015b).”

• cites Berthet et al. 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Duru et al. 2015bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Diversified farms in Martinique received weak support for developing technical skills but had more room for agroecological innovations compared to farmers embedded in more formal supply chains.

“Della Rossa et al. (2020) highlighted that diversified farms in Martinique (another French oversea region) received weak support for developing technical skills but had more room for agroecological innovations compared to farmers embedded in more formal supply chains.”

• cites Della Rossa et al. (2020)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The experimental setting of the application and the interest in tackling potential power dynamics between actors in the territory justified the choice of piloting the method with smallholders.

“The experimental setting of our application and our interest in tackling potential power dynamics between actors in this territory justified our choice of piloting the method with smallholders.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Verbal informed consent was obtained prior to the interview.

“Verbal informed consent was obtained prior to the interview.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

As animal concentrates are imported in the region, local production of legumes to feed animals needs to be in place in order to develop organic poultry based on agroecological principles.

“As animal concentrates are imported in the region, local production of legumes to feed animals needs to be in place in order to develop organic poultry based on agroecological principles.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These developments would be in line with more transboundary, inter-sectoral conceptualizations of agricultural innovation systems as agricultural innovation ecosystems supporting sustainability transitions.

“These developments would also be in line with more transboundary, inter-sectoral conceptualizations of agricultural innovation systems as agricultural innovation ecosystems supporting sustainability transitions (Pigford et al. 2018).”

• cites Pigford et al. 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Human research participants provided informed consent for publication of the image in Fig. 1.

“The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication of the image in Fig. 1.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The study was approved by the CIRAD research ethics committee and was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

“The study was approved by the CIRAD research ethics committee; we certify that the study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The action plan built by participants reflects the values, perceptions, and views deliberated, negotiated, and agreed upon by that group.

“The action plan built by participants reflects the values, perceptions, and views deliberated, negotiated, and agreed upon by that group.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Acknowledging and addressing power and information imbalances, along with considering the heterogeneity of targeted populations, is crucial for the design of research and development interventions that sustainably improve livelihoods through their embeddedness in local contexts.

“Acknowledging and addressing power and information imbalances, along with considering the heterogeneity of targeted populations, is crucial for the design of research and development interventions that sustainably improve livelihoods through their embeddedness in local contexts (Blundo-Canto et al. 2018b).”

• cites Blundo-Canto et al. 2018b sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The choice to pilot the method with smallholders represents a constraint in terms of representativeness and in understanding the perspectives and constraints of other actors whose key role was acknowledged by the farmers.

“However, our choice represents a constraint in terms of representativeness and in understanding the perspectives and constraints of other actors whose key role was acknowledged by the farmers.”