Clinical Use of Digitalis: A State of the Art Review
Abstract
The history of digitalis is rich and interesting, with the first use usually attributed to William Withering and his study on the foxglove published in 1785. However, some knowledge of plants with digitalis-like effects used for congestive heart failure (CHF) was in evidence as early as Roman times. The active components of the foxglove (Digitalis purpurea and Digitalis lanata) are classified as cardiac glycosides or cardiotonic steroids and include the well-known digitalis leaf, digitoxin, and digoxin; ouabain is a rapid-acting glycoside usually obtained from Strophanthus gratus. These drugs are potent inhibitors of cellular membrane sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+-ATPase). For most of the twentieth century, digitalis and its derivatives, especially digoxin, were the available standard of care for CHF. However, as the century closed, many doubts, especially regarding safety, were raised about their use as other treatments for CHF, such as decreasing the preload of the left ventricle, were developed. Careful attention is needed to maintain the serum digoxin level at ≤ 1.0 ng/ml because of the very narrow therapeutic window of the medication. Evidence for benefit exists for CHF with reduced ejection fraction (EF), also referred to as heart failure with reduced EF (HFrEF), especially when considering the combination of mortality, morbidity, and decreased hospitalizations. However, the major support for using digoxin is in atrial fibrillation (AF) with a rapid ventricular response when a rate control approach is planned. The strongest support of all for digoxin is for its use in rate control in AF in the presence of a marginal blood pressure, since all other rate control medications contribute to additional hypotension. In summary, these days, digoxin appears to be of most use in HFrEF and in AF with rapid ventricular response for rate control, especially when associated with hypotension. The valuable history of the foxglove continues; it has been modified but not relegated to the garden or the medical history book, as some would advocate.
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Bonilla, I. V., Garcia, D. I., Abbott, A. M., Spruill, L., Siegel, J. B., Forcucci, J. A., Hanna, G. S., Mukherjee, R. D., Hamann, M. T., Hilliard, E., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2050004/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Intestinal Necrosis Due to Digoxin Intoxication
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A Review on: Digitalis Purpurea
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Digitalis Historical Background and Current Status
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- Authors
- Whayne, T. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Corresponding author
- Whayne, Thomas F.
- ORCID
- Whayne, Thomas F.
- Venue
- American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs
- Published
- 2018-07-31
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 427-440
- ISSN
- 1175-3277 (ISSN-L)
- 1179-187X
- OpenAlex
- W2886362585
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 1.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Phytochemistry and Bioactive Compounds
- Keywords
- digitalis, digoxin, cardiac glycosides, congestive heart failure, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, atrial fibrillation, rate control, sodium-potassium ATPase inhibition, therapeutic drug monitoring, ouabain, digitoxin, hypotension
- MeSH terms
- ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase, Age Factors, Atrial Fibrillation, Body Weight, Cardiotonic Agents, Digitalis, Digitalis Glycosides, Digoxin, Drug Interactions, Heart Failure, Humans, Neoplasms, Ouabain, Plant Extracts, Sex Factors, Stroke Volume, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Drug Monitoring, Renal Insufficiency, Observational Studies as Topic
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