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Cited by 265Physical Activity and HealthCardiovascular and exercise physiologyCardiovascular Effects of Exercise

Meta-Analyses of the Effects of Habitual Running on Indices of Health in Physically Inactive Adults

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Hespanhol Junior, Luiz Carlos, Pillay, Julian David, van Mechelen, Willem, Verhagen, Evert·2015·Sports Medicine
DOI 10.1007/s40279-015-0359-yPMC PMC4579257
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: In order to implement running to promote physical activity, it is essential to quantify the extent to which running improves health. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to summarise the literature on the effects of endurance running on biomedical indices of health in physically inactive adults. DATA SOURCES: Electronic searches were conducted in October 2014 on PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, the Cochrane Library and LILACS, with no limits of date and language of publication. STUDY SELECTION: Randomised controlled trials (with a minimum of 8 weeks of running training) that included physically inactive but healthy adults (18-65 years) were selected. The studies needed to compare intervention (i.e. endurance running) and control (i.e., no intervention) groups. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: Two authors evaluated study eligibility, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias; a third author resolved any uncertainties. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to summarise the estimates for length of training and sex. A dose-response analysis was performed with random-effects meta-regression in order to investigate the relationship between running characteristics and effect sizes. RESULTS: After screening 22,380 records, 49 articles were included, of which 35 were used to combine data on ten biomedical indices of health. On average the running programs were composed of 3.7 ± 0.9 sessions/week, 2.3 ± 1.0 h/week, 14.4 ± 5.4 km/week, at 60-90% of the maximum heart rate, and lasted 21.5 ± 16.8 weeks. After 1 year of training, running was effective in reducing body mass by 3.3 kg [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.1-2.5], body fat by 2.7% (95% CI 5.1-0.2), resting heart rate by 6.7 min(-1) (95% CI 10.3-3.0) and triglycerides by 16.9 mg dl(-1) (95% CI 28.1-5.6). Also, running significantly increased maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) by 7.1 ml min(-1) kg(-1) (95% CI 5.0-9.1) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by 3.3 mg dl(-1) (95% CI 1.2-5.4). No significant effect was found for lean body mass, body mass index, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after 1 year of training. In the dose-response analysis, larger effect sizes were found for longer length of training. LIMITATIONS: It was only possible to combine the data of ten out the 161 outcome measures identified. Lack of information on training characteristics precluded a multivariate model in the dose-response analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Endurance running was effective in providing substantial beneficial effects on body mass, body fat, resting heart rate, VO2max, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol in physically inactive adults. The longer the length of training, the larger the achieved health benefits. Clinicians and health authorities can use this information to advise individuals to run, and to support policies towards investing in running programs.

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  • A priori aerobic exercise training intervention covariates (intensity, frequency, session duration and intervention duration) have been shown to influence lipid outcomes.

    “A priori AET intervention covariates (intensity, frequency, session duration and intervention duration) that have been shown to influence lipid outcomes were analysed [19, 45, 46].”

    From Estimating the Effect of Aerobic Exercise Training on Novel Lipid Biomarkers: A Systematic Review and Multivariate Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2023) · cites this paper as [45]

    The Results section (Blood Serum Concentration Outcomes; page not provided) reports changes in triglycerides and HDL cholesterol after one year of running, supporting a connection between intervention duration and lipid outcomes. But the Dose-Response Analysis (page not provided) does not report that intensity, frequency, or session duration influenced lipid outcomes; its reported significant associations concern body mass and VO2max. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • An aerobic exercise training protocol of at least 180 min per week at > 40% VO2MAX or > 1200 kcal/week has a beneficial influence on lipids.

    “Other studies have found that an AET protocol of at least 180 min per week at > 40% VO2MAX or > 1200 kcal/week has a beneficial influence on lipids [45, 46, 108, 109].”

    From Estimating the Effect of Aerobic Exercise Training on Novel Lipid Biomarkers: A Systematic Review and Multivariate Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2023) · cites this paper as [45]

    The Results section (page not available) reports that running reduced triglycerides and increased HDL cholesterol in physically inactive adults, but found no significant LDL-cholesterol effect. The paper does not establish the claimed thresholds of at least 180 minutes per week, >40% VO2max, or >1200 kcal per week for lipid benefits. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Hespanhol Junior, L. C., Pillay, J. D., van Mechelen, W., & Verhagen, E.
Affiliations
  • Durban University of Technology (ZA)
  • Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
Corresponding author
Verhagen, Evert
ORCID
Venue
Sports Medicine
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2015-07-16
Volume
45
Issue
10
Pages
1455-1468
ISSN
  • 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
  • 1179-2035
DOI
10.1007/s40279-015-0359-y
PMC
PMC4579257
OpenAlex
W928529304
Cited by
265
References
10
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 2
FWCI
2.01
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Sports Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
  • DUT Open Scholar (Durban University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
  • Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (0763–12-8)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
Keywords
endurance running, physical inactivity, health indicators, body mass, fat mass, resting heart rate, triglycerides, VO2max, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure, dose-response relationship, exercise intensity, training duration, sex differences, physical activity promotion, adults, cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular risk reduction, body composition, serum lipids
MeSH terms
Adipose Tissue, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Heart Rate, Humans, Cholesterol, HDL, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Risk Factors, Running, Triglycerides, Body Mass Index, Young Adult

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