Cited by 165Cardiovascular and exercise physiologyPhysical Activity and HealthSports Performance and Training

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Do Non-Responders to Exercise Exist—and If So, What Should We Do About Them?

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Pickering, Craig, Kiely, John·2019·Sports Medicine

DOI 10.1007/s40279-018-01041-1PMC PMC6349783

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Abstract

It is well established that exercise is an important component in the maintenance of good health, and yet recent studies have demonstrated that a sub-section of individuals experience no significant improvements following an exercise training intervention. Such individuals are commonly termed "non-responders". However, recently a number of researchers have taken a skeptical view as to whether exercise non-response either exists, or is clinically relevant. Here, we explore the research underpinning exercise response, to determine whether non-response to exercise actually exists. We discuss the impact of measurement error and assessment type on the identification of "non-responders", and whether such non-response is global- or modality-specific. Additionally, we discuss whether, if non-response to an exercise intervention is meaningful and relevant, certain additional interventions-in the form of increasing exercise intensity, volume, or duration-could be made in order to enhance training adaptations. Consequently, based on our interpretations of the available evidence, we suggest that it is unlikely that global non-responders to exercise exist. Furthermore, we suggest this realization effectively counters the perception that some individuals will not positively respond to exercise, and that in turn, this insight serves to encourage health professionals to create more nuanced, efficacious, and individually-focused exercise prescriptions designed to circumvent and overcome apparent non-responsiveness. Adopting a more individually-adaptive approach to exercise prescription could, subsequently, prove a powerful tool in promoting population health.

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Authors: Pickering, C., & Kiely, J.
Affiliations: University of Lancashire (GB)
Corresponding author: Pickering, Craig
ORCID: Pickering, Craig
Kiely, John
Venue: Sports Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2018-12-17
Volume: 49
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-7
ISSN: 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
1179-2035
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-01041-1
PMC: PMC6349783
OpenAlex: W2904417441
Cited by: 165
References: 67
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 1
FWCI: 23.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
Locations: Sports Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) (acceptedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
University of Limerick Institutional Repository (University of Limerick) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
University of Limerick Institutional Repository (University of Limerick)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords: exercise response, exercise training intervention, measurement error, exercise prescription, individualized exercise prescription, exercise intensity, training effects, population health
MeSH terms: Biological Variation, Individual, Adaptation, Physiological, Exercise Therapy, Humans, Exercise, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Failure

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Do Non-Responders to Exercise Exist—and If So, What Should We Do About Them?

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