Exercise Metabolism and the Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Adaptation

Egan, Brendan; Zierath, Juleen R.

doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.012

Cited by 2,084Muscle Physiology and DisordersCardiovascular and exercise physiologyMuscle metabolism and nutrition

Exercise Metabolism and the Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Adaptation

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Egan, Brendan, Zierath, Juleen R.·2013·Cell Metabolism

DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.012

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Abstract

Preservation of aerobic fitness and skeletal muscle strength through exercise training can ameliorate metabolic dysfunction and prevent chronic disease. These benefits are mediated in part by extensive metabolic and molecular remodeling of skeletal muscle by exercise. Aerobic and resistance exercise represent extremes on the exercise continuum and elicit markedly different training responses that are mediated by a complex interplay between a myriad of signaling pathways coupled to downstream regulators of transcription and translation. Here, we review the metabolic responses and molecular mechanisms that underpin the adaptatation of skeletal muscle to acute exercise and exercise training.

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This shift is principally achieved by an augmentation in mitochondrial volume, FA transport and enzymatic adaptations to use fat, and a reduction of cell signals such as ADP and AMP during exercise at submaximal work rates thus reducing the activation of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism.
“This is principally achieved by an augmentation in mitochondrial volume, FA transport and enzymatic adaptations (e.g., increase hydroacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase) to use fat, and a reduction of cell signals such as ADP and AMP during exercise at submaximal work rates thus reducing the activation of key enzymes (e.g., glycogen phosphorylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase) of carbohydrate metabolism [92,160].”
From Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise (2021) · cites this paper as [160]
Exercise promotes glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis and increases insulin sensitivity, and this persists long after the cessation of exercise.
“Exercise promotes glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis and increases insulin sensitivity, and this persists long after the cessation of exercise (1, 2).”
From Skeletal muscle NOX4 is required for adaptive responses that prevent insulin resistance (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
PGC1α after exercise can promote mitochondrial biogenesis by driving the expression of nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded genes.
“The induction of PGC1α (peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α) after exercise can promote mitochondrial biogenesis by driving the expression of nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded genes.”
From Skeletal muscle NOX4 is required for adaptive responses that prevent insulin resistance (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
The enhanced skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity after exercise affords metabolic flexibility and a means for replenishing glycogen to deal with subsequent bouts of intense physical activity.
“The enhanced skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity after exercise affords metabolic flexibility and a means for replenishing glycogen to deal with subsequent bouts of intense physical activity (1, 2).”
From Skeletal muscle NOX4 is required for adaptive responses that prevent insulin resistance (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Exercise results in skeletal muscle exposure to acute stresses that stimulate compensatory and adaptive physiological responses.
“Exercise results in skeletal muscle exposure to acute stresses that stimulate compensatory and adaptive physiological responses (1, 2).”
From Skeletal muscle NOX4 is required for adaptive responses that prevent insulin resistance (2021) · cites this paper as [2]

These adaptive responses increase tolerance and protect against subsequent stressors and are considered important for the health-promoting effects of exercise.
“These adaptive responses increase tolerance and protect against subsequent stressors and are considered important for the health-promoting effects of exercise (1, 2).”
From Skeletal muscle NOX4 is required for adaptive responses that prevent insulin resistance (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
PGC1α promotes the expression of NRF-1 and NRF-2, which induce the expression of nuclear-encoded genes, as well as TFAM, which facilitates mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication.
“In particular, PGC1α promotes the expression of NRF (nuclear respiratory factor)–1 and NRF-2, which induce the expression of nuclear-encoded genes, as well as TFAM (mitochondrial transcription factor A), which facilitates mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication (2, 3).”
From Skeletal muscle NOX4 is required for adaptive responses that prevent insulin resistance (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
A fundamental hormetic response to exercise is the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis, which serves to enhance respiratory capacity and endurance.
“A fundamental hormetic response to exercise is the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis, which serves to enhance respiratory capacity and endurance (2, 3).”
From Skeletal muscle NOX4 is required for adaptive responses that prevent insulin resistance (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Contracting muscle generates ROS and this is accompanied by increased antioxidant defense orchestrated by NFE2L2.
“It is well established that contracting muscle generates ROS and that this is accompanied by increased antioxidant defense orchestrated by NFE2L2 (2, 7, 36).”
From Skeletal muscle NOX4 is required for adaptive responses that prevent insulin resistance (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Endurance exercise training may affect a specific set of functions (e.g., oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis) and overall muscle metabolism.
“These observations confirm the hypothesis that endurance exercise training may affect a specific set of functions (e.g., oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis) and overall muscle metabolism [93].”
From Role of Age-Related Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Sarcopenia (2020) · cites this paper as [93]
Multiple molecular pathways activated by exercise contribute to the adaptive remodelling of skeletal muscle.
“Multiple molecular pathways are activated by exercise and these pathways have been shown to contribute to the adaptive remodelling of skeletal muscle [1,2].”
From New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
The adaptive processes of endurance training are driven by transcriptional changes in response to each bout of exercise.
“These adaptive processes are driven by transcriptional changes in response to each bout of exercise [2,8].”
From New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
Transcriptional changes accumulate over time such that the protein expression profile of muscle is changed, resulting in an altered phenotype.
“The transcriptional changes accumulate over time such that the protein expression profile of muscle is changed resulting in an altered phenotype [2,8].”
From New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
Endurance exercise adaptations are believed to be driven primarily by transcriptional responses, whereas the muscle growth adaptation to resistance exercise is driven primarily by changes in translation, in particular by increases in mRNA activity.
“Whilst endurance exercise adaptations are believed to be driven primarily by transcriptional responses [2,8], the muscle growth adaptation to resistance exercise is driven primarily by changes in translation, in particular by increases in mRNA activity (protein produced per unit of mRNA) [85][86][87].”
From New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
NAD+ is a key factor in metabolism of all major biomolecules and in ATP synthesis by the electron transport chain.
“It is a key factor in metabolism of all major biomolecules (lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids) as well as ATP synthesis by the electron transport chain [164, 165]”
From Targeting Intramyocellular Lipids to Improve Aging Muscle Function (2025) · cites this paper as [165]
Chronic activation of AMPK and expression induction of PGC1α, MEF2, NRF-1, NRF-2, and nuclear expulsion of histone deacetylase 4 and 5 can lead to higher mitochondrial volume density and improved mitochondrial quality.
“A higher mitochondrial volume density and improved mitochondrial quality can be seen as consequences of chronic activation of AMPK and expression induction of PGC1α, myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), NRF-1 and NRF-2, and nuclear expulsion of histone deacetylase 4 and 5 (41, 222, 224).”
From Metabolic Flexibility as an Adaptation to Energy Resources and Requirements in Health and Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [222]
PGC1α is expressed upon muscle contraction-induced activation of p38 MAPK.
“Additionally, PGC1α is expressed upon muscle contraction-induced activation of p38 MAPK (222).”
From Metabolic Flexibility as an Adaptation to Energy Resources and Requirements in Health and Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [222]
Both aerobic and anaerobic/glycolytic exercise promote considerable health benefits such as increased mitochondrial content and improvements in glycemic control.
“Both promote considerable health benefits such as increased mitochondrial content and improvements in glycemic control (222).”
From Metabolic Flexibility as an Adaptation to Energy Resources and Requirements in Health and Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [222]
Acute AMPK activation reduces glycogen and protein synthesis while promoting glucose transport and FAO.
“Acute AMPK activation reduces glycogen and protein synthesis while promoting glucose transport and FAO (222).”
From Metabolic Flexibility as an Adaptation to Energy Resources and Requirements in Health and Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [222]
Exercise and ApN share similar signaling pathways.
“Because exercise and ApN share similar signaling pathways [75,76] and the potential of counteracting several facets of this metabolic syndrome, numerous studies attempted to establish relationships between exercise and ApN parameters.”
From Adiponectin and Its Mimics on Skeletal Muscle: Insulin Sensitizers, Fat Burners, Exercise Mimickers, Muscling Pills … or Everything Together? (2020) · cites this paper as [76]

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The E3 Ligase MuRF1 Degrades Myosin Heavy Chain Protein in Dexamethasone-Treated Skeletal Muscle
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A practical model of low-volume high-intensity interval training induces mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle: potential mechanisms
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Myoglobin O2 desaturation during exercise. Evidence of limited O2 transport.
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Differential effects of resistance and endurance exercise in the fed state on signalling molecule phosphorylation and protein synthesis in human muscle
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Effective fiber hypertrophy in satellite cell-depleted skeletal muscle
McCarthy, J. J., Mula, J., Miyazaki, M., Erfani, R., Garrison, K., Farooqui, A. B., Srikuea, R., Lawson, B. A., Grimes, B., Keller, C., et al. (2011) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.068858 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Skeletal muscle fiber-type switching, exercise intolerance, and myopathy in PGC-1α muscle-specific knock-out animals.
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Physical Activity Preferences, Preferred Sources of Assistance, and Perceived Barriers to Increased Activity among Physically Inactive Australians
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Endurance Exercise as a Countermeasure for Aging
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Chronic activation of AMP kinase results in NRF-1 activation and mitochondrial biogenesis
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Repeated transient mRNA bursts precede increases in transcriptional and mitochondrial proteins during training in human skeletal muscle: Molecular responses during mitochondrial biogenesis
Perry, C. G. R., Lally, J., Holloway, G. P., Heigenhauser, G. J. F., Bonen, A., & Spriet, L. L. (2010) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2010.199448 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Muscle strength, power and adaptations to resistance training in older people
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Effect of physical exercise on sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin in humans
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Exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis begins before the increase in muscle PGC-1α expression.
Wright, D. C., Han, D.-H., Garcia-Roves, P. M., Geiger, P. C., Jones, T. E., & Holloszy, J. O. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m606116200 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Skeletal Muscle Lipid Metabolism in Exercise and Insulin Resistance
Kiens, B. (2006) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00023.2004 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Time course of proteolytic, cytokine, and myostatin gene expression after acute exercise in human skeletal muscle
Louis, E., Raue, U., Yang, Y., Jemiolo, B., & Trappe, S. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00679.2007 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Molecular basis of skeletal muscle plasticity-from gene to form and function
Flück, M., & Hoppeler, H. H. (2003) · Reviews of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10254-002-0004-7 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Selective activation of AMPK‐PGC‐1α or PKB‐TSC2‐mTOR signaling can explain specific adaptive responses to endurance or resistance training‐like electrical muscle stimulation
Atherton, P. J., Babraj, J. A., Smith, K., Singh, J., Rennie, M. J., & Wackerhage, H. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-2179fje · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Sirtuin-3 (Sirt3) regulates skeletal muscle metabolism and insulin signaling via altered mitochondrial oxidation and reactive oxygen species production
Jing, E., Emanuelli, B., Hirschey, M. D., Boucher, J., Lee, K. Y., Lombard, D., Verdin, E. M., & Kahn, C. R. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1111308108 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Effect of Exercise Intensity, Duration and Mode on Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption
B??rsheim, E., & Bahr, R. (2003) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200333140-00002 · Cited by 466 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Moreover, the global restitution of homeostasis includes the replenishment of oxygen stores, resynthesis of ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr), lactate oxidation and removal, restoration of fluid balance and fuel stores, and inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses (Børsheim and Bahr, 2003).”
Background
AMP-activated protein kinase regulates GLUT4 transcription by phosphorylating histone deacetylase 5
McGee, S. L., van Denderen, B. J. W., Howlett, K. F., Mollica, J., Schertzer, J. D., Kemp, B. E., & Hargreaves, M. (2008) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-0843 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
The biological control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectives
Garland, T., Schutz, H., Chappell, M. A., Keeney, B. K., Meek, T. H., Copes, L. E., Acosta, W., Drenowatz, C., Maciel, R. C., van Dijk, G., et al. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.048397 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Reactive Oxygen Species Are Signalling Molecules for Skeletal Muscle Adaptation
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Potent myofiber hypertrophy during resistance training in humans is associated with satellite cell-mediated myonuclear addition: a cluster analysis
Petrella, J. K., Kim, J.-S., Mayhew, D. L., Cross, J. M., & Bamman, M. M. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01215.2007 · Cited by 435 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In human skeletal muscle, large ranges of interindividual variability in themagnitude of hypertrophic response to resistance exercise training are explained by the relative ability to mobilize satellite cells and add myonuclei to existing muscle fibers (Petrella et al., 2006; Petrella et al., 2008).”
Background
Isoform‐specific and exercise intensity‐dependent activation of 5′‐AMP‐activated protein kinase in human skeletal muscle
Wojtaszewski, J. F. P., Nielsen, P., Hansen, B. F., Richter, E. A., & Kiens, B. (2000) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00221.x · Cited by 435 · see citing works
MicroRNA-1 and microRNA-133a expression are decreased during skeletal muscle hypertrophy
McCarthy, J. J., & Esser, K. A. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00932.2006 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Influences of endurance training on the ultrastructural composition of the different muscle fiber types in humans
HOWALD, H., Hoppeler, H. H., Claassen, H., Mathieu, O., & Straub, R. (1985) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00589248 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Molecular adaptations in human skeletal muscle to endurance training under simulated hypoxic conditions
Vogt, M., Puntschart, A., Geiser, J., Zuleger, C., Billeter, R., & Hoppeler, H. H. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.1.173 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Analysis of global mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle during recovery from endurance exercise
Mahoney, D. J., Parise, G., Melov, S., Safdar, A., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-3149fje · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Conserved Metabolic Regulatory Functions of Sirtuins
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Acute exercise increases triglyceride synthesis in skeletal muscle and prevents fatty acid–induced insulin resistance
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Mitofusins 1/2 and ERRα expression are increased in human skeletal muscle after physical exercise
Cartoni, R., Léger, B., Hock, M. B., Praz, M., Crettenand, A., Pich, S., Ziltener, J., Luthi, F., Dériaz, O., Zorzano, A., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.092031 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Control of the size of the human muscle mass
Rennie, M. J., Wackerhage, H., Spangenburg, E. E., & Booth, F. W. (2004) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.052102.134444 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Ca2+ and AMPK Both Mediate Stimulation of Glucose Transport by Muscle Contractions
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Adverse metabolic response to regular exercise: is it a rare or common occurrence?
Bouchard, C., Blair, S. N., Church, T. S., Earnest, C. P., Hagberg, J. M., Häkkinen, K., Jenkins, N. T., Karavirta, L., Kraus, W. E., Leon, A. S., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037887 · Cited by 389 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…participants engage in carefully controlled exercise training regimens, the nature of the training response is remarkably heterogeneous, allowing the classification of non-, low, and high responders (Bouchard et al., 1999; Hubal et al., 2005), and even adverse responders (Bouchard et al., 2012).”
Background
High responders to resistance exercise training demonstrate differential regulation of skeletal muscle microRNA expression
Davidsen, P. K., Gallagher, I. J., Hartman, J. W., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Dela, F., Helge, J. W., Timmons, J. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00901.2010 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Determinants of Post-Exercise Glycogen Synthesis During Short-Term Recovery
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Role of triglyceride-fatty acid cycle in controlling fat metabolism in humans during and after exercise
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Influence of exercise and fiber type on antioxidant enzyme activity in rat skeletal muscle
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The transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α mediates exercise-induced angiogenesis in skeletal muscle
Chinsomboon, J., Ruas, J., Gupta, R. K., Thom, R., Shoag, J., Rowe, G. C., Sawada, N., Raghuram, S., & Arany, Z. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0909131106 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Localized infusion of IGF-I results in skeletal muscle hypertrophy in rats
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Muscle-specific expression of PPARγ coactivator-1α improves exercise performance and increases peak oxygen uptake
Calvo, J. A., Daniels, T. G., Wang, X., Paul, A., Lin, J., Spiegelman, B. M., Stevenson, S. C., & Rangwala, S. M. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01231.2007 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
5 Influence of Exercise and Training on Motor Unit Activation
SALE, D. G. (1987) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/00003677-198700150-00008 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Extremely short duration high intensity interval training substantially improves insulin action in young healthy males
Babraj, J. A., Vollaard, N. B., Keast, C., Guppy, F. M., Cottrell, G., & Timmons, J. A. (2009) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/1472-6823-9-3 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Exercise intensity-dependent regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α mRNA abundance is associated with differential activation of upstream signalling kinases in human skeletal muscle: Exercise intensity and PGC-1α regulation
Egan, B., Carson, B. P., Garcia-Roves, P. M., Chibalin, A. V., Sarsfield, F. M., Barron, N., McCaffrey, N., Moyna, N. M., Zierath, J. R., & O’Gorman, D. J. (2010) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2010.188011 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
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Fuel metabolism in men and women during and after long-duration exercise
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“Molecular Regulation of the Endurance Phenotype Aerobic Exercise—Metabolic and Mitochondrial Adaptations Mitochondrial biogenesis is a well-established response to aerobic exercise training (Howald et al., 1985) and is defined by an increase in muscle mitochondrial number and volume, as well as concomitant changes in…”
Background
Intracellular signaling specificity in skeletal muscle in response to different modes of exercise
Nader, G. A., & Esser, K. A. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.5.1936 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Using molecular classification to predict gains in maximal aerobic capacity following endurance exercise training in humans
Timmons, J. A., Knudsen, S., Rankinen, T., Koch, L. G., Sarzynski, M., Jensen, T., Keller, P., Scheele, C., Vollaard, N. B. J., Nielsen, S., et al. (2010) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01295.2009 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Efficacy of myonuclear addition may explain differential myofiber growth among resistance-trained young and older men and women
Petrella, J. K., Kim, J.-S., Cross, J. M., Kosek, D. J., & Bamman, M. M. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00190.2006 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
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Impact of exercise intensity on body fatness and skeletal muscle metabolism
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Interventions for sarcopenia and muscle weakness in older people
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Variability in Muscle Size and Strength Gain After Unilateral Resistance Training
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Time Course of Changes in Human Skeletal Muscle Succinate Dehydrogenase and Cytochrome Oxidase Activities and Maximal Oxygen Uptake with Physical Activity and Inactivity
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An acute bout of high-intensity interval training increases the nuclear abundance of PGC-1α and activates mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle
Little, J. P., Safdar, A., Bishop, D., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Gibala, M. J. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00538.2010 · Cited by 342 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…kinases and deacetylases regulating these modifications are activated by acute exercise (Wright et al., 2007; Cantó et al., 2009; Egan et al., 2010), coincident with alterations in protein stability, functional activity, and subcellular localization (Little et al., 2011; Safdar et al., 2011b).”
Background
Muscle specific microRNAs are regulated by endurance exercise in human skeletal muscle
Nielsen, S. J., Schéele, C., Yfanti, C., Akerstrom, T. C. A., Nielsen, A. R., Pedersen, B. K., & Laye, M. J. (2010) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2010.189860 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Early signaling responses to divergent exercise stimuli in skeletal muscle from well-trained humans
Coffey, V. G., Zhong, Z., Shield, A., Canny, B. J., Chibalin, A. V., Zierath, J. R., & Hawley, J. A. (2006) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.05-4809fje · Cited by 336 · see citing works
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Hormonal and metabolic adaptation to exercise
Galbo, H. (1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Influence of mitochondrial content on the sensitivity of respiratory control.
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The role of phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid in the mechanical activation of mTOR signaling in skeletal muscle
Hornberger, T. A., Chu, W. K., Mak, Y. W., Hsiung, J. W., Huang, S. A., & Chien, S. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0600678103 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Mitochondria and cellular oxygen sensing in the HIF pathway
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Effects of Exercise Modality on Insulin Resistance and Functional Limitation in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Davidson, L. E., Hudson, R., Kilpatrick, K., Kuk, J. L., McMillan, K., Janiszewski, P. M., Lee, S., Lam, M., & Ross, R. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.558 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Exercise-induced histone modifications in human skeletal muscle
McGee, S. L., Fairlie, E., Garnham, A. P., & Hargreaves, M. (2009) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.181065 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
The substrate and sequence specificity of the AMP-activated protein kinase. Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase kinase
Carling, D., & Grahame Hardie, D. (1989) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/0167-4889(89)90014-1 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Utilization of skeletal muscle triacylglycerol during postexercise recovery in humans
Kiens, B., & Richter, E. A. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1998.275.2.e332 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain composition and resistance training
Adams, G. R., Hather, B. M., Baldwin, K. M., & Dudley, G. A. (1993) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.911 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Paradoxical effects of increased expression of PGC-1α on muscle mitochondrial function and insulin-stimulated muscle glucose metabolism
Choi, C. S., Befroy, D. E., Codella, R., Kim, S., Reznick, R. M., Hwang, Y.-J., Liu, Z.-X., Lee, H.-Y., Distefano, A., Samuel, V. T., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0810339105 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Hormonal and Metabolic Adaptation to Exercise
Holloszy, J. O. (1984) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1984.57.4.1288 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Physiological activation of hypoxia inducible factor‐1 in human skeletal muscle
Ameln, H., Gustafsson, T., Sundberg, C. J., Okamoto, K., Jansson, E., Poellinger, L., & Makino, Y. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-2304fje · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Transcriptome signature of resistance exercise adaptations: mixed muscle and fiber type specific profiles in young and old adults
Raue, U., Trappe, T. A., Estrem, S. T., Qian, H.-R., Helvering, L. M., Smith, R. C., & Trappe, S. W. (2012) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00435.2011 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
PGC-1α plays a functional role in exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis but not fiber-type transformation in mouse skeletal muscle
Geng, T., Li, P., Okutsu, M., Yin, X., Kwek, J., Zhang, M., & Yan, Z. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00481.2009 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
A transcriptional map of the impact of endurance exercise training on skeletal muscle phenotype
Keller, P., Vollaard, N. B. J., Gustafsson, T., Gallagher, I. J., Sundberg, C. J., Rankinen, T., Britton, S. L., Bouchard, C., Koch, L. G., & Timmons, J. A. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00634.2010 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
A role for the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α in muscle refueling.
Wende, A. R., Schaeffer, P. J., Parker, G. J., Zechner, C., Han, D.-H., Chen, M. M., Hancock, C. R., Lehman, J. J., Huss, J. M., McClain, D. A., et al. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m707006200 · Cited by 257 · cited 3× · see citing works
“In muscle-specific PGC-1a KO mice,many of these adaptations are reversed, e.g.,muscle fibers exhibit a more glycolytic phenotype, impaired mitochondrial respiratory function, reduced exercise capacity, and impaired recovery from exercise (Handschin et al., 2007; Wende et al., 2007).”
Background
Mammalian fuel utilization during sustained exercise
Brooks, G. A. (1998) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0305-0491(98)00025-x · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Mitochondrial enzymes increase in muscle in response to 7-10 days of cycle exercise
Spina, R. J., Chi, M. M., Hopkins, M., Nemeth, P. M., Lowry, O. H., & Holloszy, J. O. (1996) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1996.80.6.2250 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Ca2+–calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase expression and signalling in skeletal muscle during exercise
Rose, A. J., Kiens, B., & Richter, E. A. (2006) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.111757 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Resistance exercise-induced increase in muscle mass correlates with p70S6 kinase phosphorylation in human subjects
Terzis, G., Georgiadis, G., Stratakos, G., Vogiatzis, I., Kavouras, S., Manta, P., Mascher, H., & Blomstrand, E. (2007) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0564-y · Cited by 242 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Due to the importance of protein synthesis exceeding breakdown over an extended period of time, the degree of muscle hypertrophy induced by resistance exercise is strongly associated with the degree of p70S6K phosphorylation (Baar and Esser, 1999; Terzis et al., 2008).”
Background
PGC-1α is not mandatory for exercise- and training-induced adaptive gene responses in mouse skeletal muscle
Leick, L., Wojtaszewski, J. F. P., Johansen, S. T., Kiilerich, K., Comes, G., Hellsten, Y., Hidalgo, J., & Pilegaard, H. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00666.2007 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Wortmannin inhibits insulin‐stimulated but not contraction‐stimulated glucose transport activity in skeletal muscle
Lee, A. D., Hansen, P. A., & Holloszy, J. O. (1995) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(95)00147-2 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Intramyocellular lipids form an important substrate source during moderate intensity exercise in endurance‐trained males in a fasted state
van Loon, L. J. C., Koopman, R., Stegen, J. H. C. H., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., KEIZER, H. A., & Saris, W. H. M. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.052431 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
The role of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase and phosphatidic acid in the regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin following eccentric contractions
O’Neil, T. K., Duffy, L. R., Frey, J. W., & Hornberger, T. A. (2009) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.173609 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Exercise training increases insulin-stimulated glucose disposal and GLUT4 (SLC2A4) protein content in patients with type 2 diabetes
O’Gorman, D. J., Karlsson, H. K. R., McQuaid, S., Yousif, O., Rahman, Y., Gasparro, D., Glund, S., Chibalin, A. V., Zierath, J. R., & Nolan, J. J. (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0457-3 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mitochondrial abnormalities are more frequent in muscles undergoing sarcopenia
Bua, E. A., McKiernan, S. H., Wanagat, J., McKenzie, D., & Aiken, J. M. (2002) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01102.2001 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Interleukin-6 Directly Increases Glucose Metabolism in Resting Human Skeletal Muscle
Glund, S., Deshmukh, A., Long, Y. C., Moller, T., Koistinen, H. A., Caidahl, K., Zierath, J. R., & Krook, A. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-1733 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Self-citation
Functional properties of human muscle fibers after short-term resistance exercise training
Widrick, J. J., Stelzer, J. E., Shoepe, T. C., & Garner, D. P. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00120.2002 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Progressive effect of endurance training on metabolic adaptations in working skeletal muscle
Phillips, S. M., Green, H. J., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Heigenhauser, G. J., & Grant, S. M. (1996) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1996.270.2.e265 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Loss of Skeletal Muscle HIF-1α Results in Altered Exercise Endurance
Mason, S. D., Howlett, R. A., Kim, M. J., Olfert, I. M., Hogan, M. C., McNulty, W., Hickey, R. P., Wagner, P. D., Kahn, C. R., Giordano, F. J., et al. (2004) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020288 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Evidence of MyomiR network regulation of β-myosin heavy chain gene expression during skeletal muscle atrophy
McCarthy, J. J., Esser, K. A., Peterson, C. A., & Dupont‐Versteegden, E. E. (2009) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00042.2009 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Exercise and Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2 Regulation in Human Skeletal Muscle
McGee, S. L., & Hargreaves, M. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.5.1208 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Systematic analysis of adaptations in aerobic capacity and submaximal energy metabolism provides a unique insight into determinants of human aerobic performance.
Vollaard, N. B. J., Constantin-Teodosiu, D., Fredriksson, K., Rooyackers, O., Jansson, E., Greenhaff, P. L., Timmons, J. A., & Sundberg, C. J. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91453.2008 · Cited by 205 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…in whole-body aerobic fitness measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and reflect enhancements in the intrinsic oxidative capacity of muscle, and the delivery and utilization of substrates in working muscle during subsequent exercise bouts (Phillips et al., 1996; Vollaard et al., 2009).”
Background
Carbohydrate supplementation, glycogen depletion, and amino acid metabolism during exercise
Wagenmakers, A. J., Beckers, E. J., Brouns, F., Kuipers, H., Soeters, P. B., van der Vusse, G. J., & Saris, W. H. (1991) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1991.260.6.e883 · Cited by 202 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This energy is obtained from intramuscular protein degradation and oxidation of BCAAs by the branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (Wagenmakers et al., 1991).”
Background
Gain-of-function R225Q Mutation in AMP-activated Protein Kinase γ3 Subunit Increases Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Glycolytic Skeletal Muscle
Garcia-Roves, P. M., Osler, M. E., Holmström, M. H., & Zierath, J. R. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m805078200 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citation
Redox state and lactate accumulation in human skeletal muscle during dynamic exercise
Sahlin, K., Katz, A., & Henriksson, J. (1987) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2450551 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Regulation of human metabolism by hypoxia-inducible factor
Formenti, F., Constantin-Teodosiu, D., Emmanuel, Y., Cheeseman, J., Dorrington, K., Edwards, L., Humphreys, S., Lappin, T., McMullin, M., McNamara, C. J., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.1002339107 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Regulation of skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase and PDH at varying exercise power outputs
Howlett, R. A., Parolin, M. L., Dyck, D. J., Hultman, E., Jones, N. L., Heigenhauser, G. J. F., & Spriet, L. L. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1998.275.2.r418 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Exercise training increases sarcolemmal and mitochondrial fatty acid transport proteins in human skeletal muscle
Talanian, J. L., Holloway, G. P., Snook, L. A., Heigenhauser, G. J. F., Bonen, A., & Spriet, L. L. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00073.2010 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Genomic predictors of trainability
Bouchard, C. (2011) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2011.058735 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
p38γ Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Is a Key Regulator in Skeletal Muscle Metabolic Adaptation in Mice
Pogozelski, A. R., Geng, T., Li, P., Yin, X., Lira, V. A., Zhang, M., Chi, J.-T., & Yan, Z. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007934 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Metabolic and mitogenic signal transduction in human skeletal muscle after intense cycling exercise
Yu, M., Stepto, N. K., Chibalin, A., Fryer, L. G. D., Carling, D., Krook, A., Hawley, J. A., & Zierath, J. R. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.034223 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citation
Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate pool size and estimated cycle flux in human muscle during exercise
Gibala, M. J., MacLean, D. A., Graham, T. E., & Saltin, B. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1998.275.2.e235 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Activity-dependent and -independent nuclear fluxes of HDAC4 mediated by different kinases in adult skeletal muscle
Liu, Y., Randall, W. R., & Schneider, M. F. (2005) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200408128 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Interaction of contractile activity and training history on mRNA abundance in skeletal muscle from trained athletes
Coffey, V. G., SHIELD, A. J., Canny, B. J., Carey, K. A., Cameron‐Smith, D., & Hawley, J. A. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00299.2005 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Metabolic adaptations to training precede changes in muscle mitochondrial capacity
Green, H. J., Helyar, R., Ball-Burnett, M. E., Kowalchuk, N., Symon, S., & Farrance, B. (1992) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1992.72.2.484 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Intramyocellular lipid and glycogen content are reduced following resistance exercise in untrained healthy males
Koopman, R., MANDERS, R. J. F., Jonkers, R. A. M., Hul, G. B. J., Kuipers, H., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-005-0118-0 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Does the difference between physically active and couch potato lie in the dopamine system?
Knab, A. M., & Lightfoot, J. T. (2010) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.6.133 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Insulin-resistant muscle is exercise resistant: evidence for reduced response of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes to exercise
Filippis, E. D., Alvarez, G. E., Berria, R., Cusi, K. J., Everman, S., Meyer, C., & Mandarino, L. J. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00729.2007 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Computational reconstruction of the human skeletal muscle secretome
Bortoluzzi, S., Scannapieco, P., Cestaro, A., Danieli, G. A., & Schiaffino, S. (2005) · Proteins Structure Function and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1002/prot.20803 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Evidence for the involvement of CaMKII and AMPK in Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways regulating FA uptake and oxidation in contracting rodent muscle
Raney, M. A., & Turcotte, L. P. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01282.2007 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Signals mediating skeletal muscle remodeling by resistance exercise: PI3-kinase independent activation of mTORC1
Philp, A., Hamilton, D. L., & Baar, K. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00941.2010 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Mechano-transduction to muscle protein synthesis is modulated by FAK
Klossner, S., Hoppeler, H., Durieux, A., Freyssenet, D., & Flueck, M. (2009) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1032-7 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Myostatin inhibition induces muscle fibre hypertrophy prior to satellite cell activation
Wang, Q., & McPherron, A. C. (2012) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.226001 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Effects of concentric and eccentric contractions on phosphorylation of MAPKerk1/2 and MAPKp38 in isolated rat skeletal muscle
Wretman, C., Lionikas, A., Widegren, U., Lännergren, J., Westerblad, H., & Henriksson, J. (2001) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00155.x · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Bimodal Effect on Pancreatic β-Cells of Secretory Products From Normal or Insulin-Resistant Human Skeletal Muscle
Bouzakri, K., Plomgaard, P., Berney, T., Donath, M. Y., Pedersen, B. K., & Halban, P. A. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-1178 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Marathon running increases ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase signalling to downstream targets in human skeletal muscle
Yu, M., Blomstrand, E., Chibalin, A., Krook, A., & Zierath, J. R. (2001) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00273.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citation
No difference in the skeletal muscle angiogenic response to aerobic exercise training between young and aged men
Gavin, T. P., Ruster, R. S., Carrithers, J. A., Zwetsloot, K. A., Kraus, R. M., Evans, C. A., Knapp, D. J., Drew, J. L., McCartney, J. S., Garry, J. P., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143198 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Divergent cell signaling after short-term intensified endurance training in human skeletal muscle
Benziane, B., Burton, T. J., Scanlan, B., Galuska, D., Canny, B. J., Chibalin, A. V., Zierath, J. R., & Stepto, N. K. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90428.2008 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citation
Regulatory mechanisms in the interaction between carbohydrate and lipid oxidation during exercise
Spriet, L. L., & Watt, M. J. (2003) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.2003.01152.x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
A single session of resistance exercise enhances insulin sensitivity for at least 24 h in healthy men
Koopman, R., Manders, R., Zorenc, A., Hul, G., Kuipers, H., Keizer, H., & van Loon, L. V. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1307-y · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Contraction-induced interleukin-6 gene transcription in skeletal muscle is regulated by c-Jun terminal kinase/activator protein-1
Whitham, M., Chan, M. H. S., Pal, M., Matthews, V. B., Prelovsek, O., Lunke, S., El-Osta, A., Broenneke, H., Alber, J., Brüning, J. C., et al. (2012) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.310581 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Protein metabolism in rat gastrocnemius muscle after stimulated chronic concentric exercise
Wong, T., & Booth, F. W. (1990) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1990.69.5.1709 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Prolonged electrical muscle stimulation exercise improves strength and aerobic capacity in healthy sedentary adults
Banerjee, P., Caulfield, B., Crowe, L., & Clark, A. L. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00891.2004 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Endurance training modulates the muscular transcriptome response to acute exercise
Schmutz, S., Däpp, C., Wittwer, M., Vogt, M., Hoppeler, H. H., & Flück, M. (2005) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-005-1497-0 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Lack of adequate appreciation of physical exercise's complexities can pre‐empt appropriate design and interpretation in scientific discovery
Booth, F. W., & Laye, M. J. (2009) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.179507 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Infusion with the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine attenuates early adaptive responses to exercise in human skeletal muscle
Petersen, A. C., McKenna, M. J., Medved, I., Murphy, K. T., Brown, M. J., Della Gatta, P., & Cameron‐Smith, D. (2012) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02344.x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
2‐D DIGE analysis of the mitochondrial proteome from human skeletal muscle reveals time course‐dependent remodelling in response to 14 consecutive days of endurance exercise training
Egan, B., Dowling, P., O’Connor, P. L., Henry, M. A., Meleady, P., Zierath, J. R., & O’Gorman, D. J. (2011) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.201000597 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citation
Significant intramyocellular lipid use during prolonged cycling in endurance-trained males as assessed by three different methodologies
Stellingwerff, T., Boon, H., Jonkers, R. A. M., Senden, J. M., Spriet, L. L., Koopman, R., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00678.2006 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Exercise-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling in skeletal muscle
Long, Y. C., Widegren, U., & Zierath, J. R. (2004) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns2004346 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citation
Humoral nature of hypoglycemia in muscular exercise
Goldstein, M. S. (1961) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1961.200.1.67 · Cited by 73 · cited 1× · see citing works
“New Vistas in Molecular Exercise Physiology Skeletal Muscle as a Secretory Organ Over half a century ago, a humoral factor associated with exercise but whose source was unknown was speculated to act in an endocrine manner to regulate glycemia independent of insulin (Goldstein, 1961).”
Background
Triacylglycerol lipases and metabolic control: implications for health and disease
Watt, M. J., & Spriet, L. L. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00698.2009 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Focal adhesion kinase is a load‐dependent governor of the slow contractile and oxidative muscle phenotype
Durieux, A., D’Antona, G., Dominique Desplanches, C., Freyssenet, D. G., Klossner, S., Bottinelli, R., & Flück, M. (2009) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.171355 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Effects of 7 wk of endurance training on human skeletal muscle metabolism during submaximal exercise
LeBlanc, P. J., Howarth, K. R., Gibala, M. J., & Heigenhauser, G. J. F. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00517.2004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Last Word on Point:Counterpoint: Satellite cell addition is/is not obligatory for skeletal muscle hypertrophy
O’Connor, R. S., Pavlath, G. K., McCarthy, J. J., & Esser, K. A. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00502.2007 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Gold standards for scientists who are conducting animal-based exercise studies
Booth, F. W., Laye, M. J., & Spangenburg, E. E. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00125.2009 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling in Skeletal Muscle
Chin, E. R. (2010) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1097/jes.0b013e3181d495d2 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Effects of Aerobic Training, Resistance Training, or Both on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial
Sigal, R. J., Kenny, G. P., Boulé, N. G., Wells, G. A., Prud'homme, D., Fortier, M., Reid, R. D., Tulloch, H., Coyle, D., Phillips, P., et al. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-6-200709180-00005 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Contractile Activity-Induced Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Skeletal Muscle
Essig, D. A. (1996) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/00003677-199600240-00012 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

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Nrf2-Keap1 signaling in oxidative and reductive stress
Bellezza, I., Giambanco, I., Minelli, A., & Donato, R. (2018) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.02.010 · Cited by 2,093 · see citing works
The mitochondrial basis of aging
Sun, N., Youle, R. J., & Finkel, T. (2016) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2016.01.028 · Cited by 1,441 · see citing works
Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise
Hargreaves, M., & Spriet, L. L. (2020) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-020-0251-4 · Cited by 1,258 · see citing works
Integrative Biology of Exercise
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Self-citation
Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity
MacInnis, M. J., & Gibala, M. J. (2017) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp273196 · Cited by 1,124 · see citing works
Metabolic Flexibility in Health and Disease
Goodpaster, B. H., & Sparks, L. M. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.015 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
Nitric oxide signaling in health and disease
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Metabolic Flexibility as an Adaptation to Energy Resources and Requirements in Health and Disease
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Mitophagy in human health, ageing and disease
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The effects of acute and chronic exercise on <scp>PGC</scp> ‐1α, irisin and browning of subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans
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Adaptations to Endurance and Strength TrainingPreprint
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Exercise and the gut microbiome: A review of the evidence, potential mechanisms, and implications for human health
Mailing, L. J., Allen, J. M., Buford, T. W., Fields, C. J., & Woods, J. A. (2019) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000183 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
AMPK in skeletal muscle function and metabolism
Kjøbsted, R., Hingst, J. R., Fentz, J., Foretz, M., Sanz, M.-N., Pehmøller, C. K., Shum, M., Marette, A., Mounier, R., Treebak, J. T., et al. (2017) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201700442r · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Exercise Promotes Healthy Aging of Skeletal Muscle
Cartee, G. D., Hepple, R. T., Bamman, M. M., & Zierath, J. R. (2016) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.007 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Self-citation
Transcriptomic profiling of skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise and inactivity
Pillon, N. J., Gabriel, B. M., Dollet, L., Smith, J. A. B., Sardón Puig, L., Botella, J., Bishop, D. J., Krook, A., & Zierath, J. R. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13869-w · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Self-citation
Global Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Human Skeletal Muscle Reveals a Network of Exercise-Regulated Kinases and AMPK Substrates
Hoffman, N. J., Parker, B. L., Chaudhuri, R., Fisher-Wellman, K. H., Kleinert, M., Humphrey, S. J., Yang, P., Holliday, M., Trefely, S., Fazakerley, D. J., et al. (2015) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.001 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health
Pinckard, K. M., Baskin, K. K., & Stanford, K. I. (2019) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Osteocalcin Signaling in Myofibers Is Necessary and Sufficient for Optimum Adaptation to Exercise
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Exercise Attenuates the Major Hallmarks of Aging
Garatachea, N., Pareja-Galeano, H., Sanchis-Gomar, F., Santos-Lozano, A., Fiuza-Luces, C., Morán, M., Emanuele, E., Joyner, M. J., & Lucia, A. (2015) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/rej.2014.1623 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Metabolism of ketone bodies during exercise and training: physiological basis for exogenous supplementation
Evans, M., Cogan, K. E., & Egan, B. (2017) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp273185 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exercise and metabolic health: beyond skeletal muscle
Thyfault, J. P., & Bergouignan, A. (2020) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05177-6 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Energy metabolism in health and diseases
Liu, H., Wang, S., Wang, J., Guo, X., Song, Y., Fu, K., Gao, Z., Liu, D., He, W., & Yang, L. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02141-x · Cited by 438 · see citing works
An Examination and Critique of Current Methods to Determine Exercise Intensity
Jamnick, N. A., Pettitt, R. W., Granata, C., Pyne, D. B., & Bishop, D. J. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01322-8 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Metabolic Coordination of Physiological and Pathological Cardiac Remodeling
Gibb, A., & Hill, B. G. (2018) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.118.312017 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Skeletal Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: The Role of Myokines in Exercise Adaptations
Hoffmann, C., & Weigert, C. (2017) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a029793 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Circadian rhythms and exercise — re-setting the clock in metabolic disease
Gabriel, B. M., & Zierath, J. R. (2019) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-018-0150-x · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Self-citation
Physiology of sedentary behavior
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Authors: Egan, B., & Zierath, J. R.
Affiliations: University College Dublin (IE)
University of Copenhagen (DK)
Corresponding author: Zierath, Juleen R.
ORCID: Egan, Brendan
Zierath, Juleen R.
Venue: Cell Metabolism
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-02
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Pages: 162-184
ISSN: 1550-4131 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.012
OpenAlex: W1995381409
Semantic Scholar: 735dcdabdb4efc5dec9569db8f5a316859b70bd6
Cited by: 2,084
References: 210
Citations by year: 2026: 157 · 2025: 168 · 2024: 162 · 2023: 190 · 2022: 209 · 2021: 204 · 2020: 198 · 2019: 189 · 2018: 151 · 2017: 145 · 2016: 122 · 2015: 103 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 21
FWCI: 9.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 369 d)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Cell Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Vetenskapsrådet
University College Dublin
Novo Nordisk Fonden
Karolinska Institutet
European Research Council
Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords: exercise metabolism, skeletal muscle adaptation, exercise training, aerobic exercise, resistance training, acute exercise, metabolic remodeling, signaling pathways, transcriptional regulation, translational regulation, muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, chronic disease prevention
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Humans, Hypertrophy, Muscle Contraction, Signal Transduction, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal

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Exercise Metabolism and the Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Adaptation

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