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Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Open accessAbstract
The vagus nerve is a major component of the autonomic nervous system, has an important role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis, and plays a key role in the neuroendocrine-immune axis to maintain homeostasis through its afferent and efferent pathways. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) refers to any technique that stimulates the vagus nerve, including manual or electrical stimulation. Left cervical VNS is an approved therapy for refractory epilepsy and for treatment resistant depression. Right cervical VNS is effective for treating heart failure in preclinical studies and a phase II clinical trial. The effectiveness of various forms of non-invasive transcutaneous VNS for epilepsy, depression, primary headaches, and other conditions has not been investigated beyond small pilot studies. The relationship between depression, inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and heart disease might be mediated by the vagus nerve. VNS deserves further study for its potentially favorable effects on cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, metabolic, and other physiological biomarkers associated with depression morbidity and mortality.
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“The vagal afferent pathways are involved in the activation/regulation of the HPA axis (29), which coordinates the adaptive responses of the organism to stressors of any kind (30).”
From Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [29]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Howland, R. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Howland, Robert H.
- ORCID
- Howland, Robert H.
- Venue
- Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports
- Published
- 2014-03-07
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 64-73
- ISSN
- 2196-2979 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4017164
- OpenAlex
- W2093225656
- Cited by
- 405
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 6.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH061394, R01MH078961)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Music Therapy and Health
- Keywords
- vagus nerve stimulation, vagus nerve, autonomic nervous system, neuroendocrine-immune axis, drug-resistant epilepsy, treatment-resistant depression, heart failure, transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation, inflammation, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, primary headache
- MeSH terms
- Depressive Disorder, Electrodes, Implanted, Electric Stimulation Therapy, European Union, Humans, United States, Vagus Nerve
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