The DOI matches its Crossref record; 92 of the 93 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Open accessAbstract
The vagus nerve is a major component of the autonomic nervous system, has an important role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis, and plays a key role in the neuroendocrine-immune axis to maintain homeostasis through its afferent and efferent pathways. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) refers to any technique that stimulates the vagus nerve, including manual or electrical stimulation. Left cervical VNS is an approved therapy for refractory epilepsy and for treatment resistant depression. Right cervical VNS is effective for treating heart failure in preclinical studies and a phase II clinical trial. The effectiveness of various forms of non-invasive transcutaneous VNS for epilepsy, depression, primary headaches, and other conditions has not been investigated beyond small pilot studies. The relationship between depression, inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and heart disease might be mediated by the vagus nerve. VNS deserves further study for its potentially favorable effects on cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, metabolic, and other physiological biomarkers associated with depression morbidity and mortality.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The vagal afferent pathways are involved in the activation/regulation of the HPA axis (29), which coordinates the adaptive responses of the organism to stressors of any kind (30).”
From Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [29]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Wisniewski, S. R., Nierenberg, A. A., Stewart, J. W., Warden, D., Niederehe, G., Thase, M. E., Lavori, P. W., Lebowitz, B. D., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1905 · Cited by 5,643
Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour
Cryan, J. F., & Dinan, T. G. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3346 · Cited by 4,572
Raison, C. L., Rutherford, R. E., Woolwine, B. J., Shuo, C., Schettler, P., Drake, D. F., Haroon, E., & Miller, A. H. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.4 · Cited by 1,617
Immune system to brain signaling: Neuropsychopharmacological implications
Capuron, L., & Miller, A. H. (2011) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.014 · Cited by 1,195
Depression as a predictor for coronary heart disease
Rugulies, R. (2002) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00439-7 · Cited by 1,110
The vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex – linking immunity and metabolism
Pavlov, V. A., & Tracey, K. J. (2012) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2012.189 · Cited by 1,040
Hannestad, J., DellaGioia, N., & Bloch, M. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.132 · Cited by 914
Rush, A. J. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.11.1905 · Cited by 879
Depression as a risk factor for cardiac mortality and morbidity
Carney, R. M., Freedland, K. E., Miller, G. E., & Jaffe, A. S. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00311-2 · Cited by 746
Rush, A. J., George, M. S., Sackeïm, H. A., Marangell, L. B., Husain, M. M., Giller, C. A., Nahas, Z. H., Haines, S. J., Simpson, R. K., & Goodman, R. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00304-2 · Cited by 702
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–405 of 405
Staffel, S., & Richlan, F. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16188978
Fernández, A. C., Galvéz-García, G., del Olmo, A. P., León, F. G., Barramuño-Medina, M., & Romero-Arias, T. (2026) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2026.08.043
Berretta, E., Manni, L., & Soligo, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1925482
Kaur, M. K. K., Allahbadia, M. G., & MD, D. M. S. (2025) · Obesity Research - Open Journal · doi:10.17140/oroj.2025.v11.i01.pp19-45.1417
Meier, K., Schmidt, L. M., Bömmer, T., & Witt, K. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1974496
Metadata
- Authors
- Howland, R. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Howland, Robert H.
- ORCID
- Howland, Robert H.
- Venue
- Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports
- Published
- 2014-03-07
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 64-73
- ISSN
- 2196-2979 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4017164
- OpenAlex
- W2093225656
- Cited by
- 405
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 6.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH061394, R01MH078961)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Music Therapy and Health
- Keywords
- vagus nerve stimulation, vagus nerve, autonomic nervous system, neuroendocrine-immune axis, drug-resistant epilepsy, treatment-resistant depression, heart failure, transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation, inflammation, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, primary headache
- MeSH terms
- Depressive Disorder, Electrodes, Implanted, Electric Stimulation Therapy, European Union, Humans, United States, Vagus Nerve
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
