The microbiome in posttraumatic stress disorder and trauma-exposed controls: an exploratory study
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Objective: Inadequate immunoregulation and elevated inflammation may be risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and microbial inputs are important determinants of immunoregulation; however, the association between the gut microbiota and PTSD is unknown. This study investigated the gut microbiome in a South African sample of PTSD-affected individuals and trauma-exposed (TE) controls to identify potential differences in microbial diversity or microbial community structure. Methods: The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 was used to diagnose PTSD according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria. Microbial DNA was extracted from stool samples obtained from 18 individuals with PTSD and 12 TE control participants. Bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene V3/V4 amplicons were generated and sequenced. Microbial community structure, α-diversity, and β-diversity were analyzed; random forest analysis was used to identify associations between bacterial taxa and PTSD. Results: There were no differences between PTSD and TE control groups in α- or β-diversity measures (e.g., α-diversity: Shannon index, t = 0.386, p = .70; β-diversity, on the basis of analysis of similarities: Bray-Curtis test statistic = –0.033, p = .70); however, random forest analysis highlighted three phyla as important to distinguish PTSD status: Actinobacteria, Lentisphaerae, and Verrucomicrobia. Decreased total abundance of these taxa was associated with higher Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale scores ( r = –0.387, p = .035). Conclusions: In this exploratory study, measures of overall microbial diversity were similar among individuals with PTSD and TE controls; however, decreased total abundance of Actinobacteria, Lentisphaerae, and Verrucomicrobia was associated with PTSD status.
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Decreased abundance of these bacteria could have contributed to dysregulation of the immune system and development of PTSD symptoms.
“These bacteria are important for immune regulation and their decreased abundance could have contributed to a dysregulation of the immune system and development of PTSD symptoms (169).”
From Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [169]
An exploratory study revealed decreased existence of Actinobacteria, Lentisphaerae, and Verrucomicrobia in patients with PTSD compared with trauma-exposed controls, associated with higher PTSD symptom scores.
“An exploratory study that investigated the microbiome of patients with PTSD and trauma exposed controls revealed a decreased existence of three bacteria strains in patients with PTSD: Actinobacteria, Lentisphaerae, and Verrucomicrobia that were associated with higher PTDS symptom scores.”
From Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [169]
Actinobacteria, Lentisphaerae, and Verrucomicrobia are important for immune regulation.
“These bacteria are important for immune regulation and their decreased abundance could have contributed to a dysregulation of the immune system and development of PTSD symptoms (169).”
From Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [169]
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Harder, M. N., Ribel‐Madsen, R., Justesen, J. M., Sparsø, T., Galijatovic, E. A. A., Grarup, N., Jørgensen, T., Linneberg, A. R., Hansen, T. F., & Pedersen, O. B. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-4169 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
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Reber, S. O., Langgartner, D., Foertsch, S., Postolache, T. T., Brenner, L. A., Guendel, H., & Lowry, C. A. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.08.031 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationANKRD55 and DHCR7 are novel multiple sclerosis risk loci
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Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder exhibit an altered phenotype of regulatory T cells
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Self-citationGenome-wide significant association of ANKRD55 rs6859219 and multiple sclerosis risk
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The hygiene hypothesis and affective and anxiety disorders
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
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- [87]Rook GA Lowry CA Raison CL Hygiene and other early childhood influences on the subsequent function of the immune system Brain Res 2015 1617 47 62 24732404
- [89]Rook GAW Raison CL Lowry CA Microbial “Old Friends”, immunoregulation and psychiatric disorders Heidt PJ Midtvedt T Rusch V Versalovic J 26 61 90 2013 Old Herborn University Press Old Herborn University Monograph
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Cryan, J. F., O'Riordan, K. J., Cowan, C. S. M., Sandhu, K. V., Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Boehme, M., Codagnone, M. G., Cussotto, S., Fulling, C., Golubeva, A. V., et al. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2018 · Cited by 5,286 · see citing works
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“For example, PTSD patients show differences in the total abundance of specific bacterial taxa in comparison to trauma-exposed controls (231), while chronic social defeat stress animals models have also lead to shifts in intestinal microbiota composition (232, 233).”
BackgroundRETRACTED ARTICLE: Role of the gut microbiome in chronic diseases: a narrative review
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- Authors
- Hemmings, S. M. J., Malan-Müller, S., van den Heuvel, L. L., Demmitt, B. A., Stanislawski, M. A., Smith, D. G., Bohr, A. D., Stamper, C. E., Hyde, E. R., Morton, J. T., Marotz, C. A., Siebler, P. H., Braspenning, M., Van Criekinge, W., Hoisington, A. J., Brenner, L. A., Postolache, T. T., McQueen, M. B., Krauter, K. S., Knight, R., Seedat, S., & Lowry, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Lowry, Christopher A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2017-10
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 936-946
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-7796
- PMC
- PMC5763914
- OpenAlex
- W2734898627
- Cited by
- 208
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 7.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (I21RX002232)
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- Office of Research and Development
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment
- National Research Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland
- Medical Research Council
- Office of Naval Research
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH086539)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA019921)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD066613)
- Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, gut microbiota, trauma exposure, microbial diversity, actinobacteria, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, bacterial taxa, immune regulation, inflammation, 16S rRNA gene sequencing
- MeSH terms
- Psychological Trauma, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Adult, DNA, Bacterial, Feces, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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