The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Micro-work, artificial intelligence and the automotive industry
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In the citing paper
“In addition, all companies with AI products require their data annotated and the cost and labour-intensive nature of this process results in the majority of these tasks being outsourced to external providers (Tubaro and Casilli 2019).”
From The poverty of ethical AI: impact sourcing and AI supply chains (2025) · cites this paper as Tubaro and Casilli 2019
In the citing paper
“As sociologists of technological innovation highlight, a lot of human labour is needed to fill the cracks of AI (Gray and Suri 2019;Tubaro and Casilli 2019;Tubaro et al. 2020).”
From Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences (2024) · cites this paper as Tubaro and Casilli 2019
Citations
Cites
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Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2017) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019 · Cited by 8,727
Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets
Rochet, J.-C., & Tirole, J. (2003) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1162/154247603322493212 · Cited by 5,642
Braverman, H. (1974) · Monthly Review · doi:10.14452/mr-026-03-1974-07_1 · Cited by 5,505
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On the Principles of Political Economy, and Taxation
Ricardo, D. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107589421 · Cited by 4,213
Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation
Autor, D. H. (2015) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.29.3.3 · Cited by 3,917 · cited 1×
“…policymakers have echoed the dire job loss predictions of a few prospective studies (Brynjolfsson and McAfee 2014; Frey and Osborne 2017), although historical evidence suggests that dynamics of complementarity rather than substitution between labor and machinery might also be in place (Autor 2015).”
BackgroundLabor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century.
Tomich, D., & Braverman, H. (1976) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2063071 · Cited by 2,999
Layers of Silence, Arenas of Voice: The Ecology of Visible and Invisible Work
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The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies.
West, J. C. (2015) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2015.1105632 · Cited by 1,423
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Irani, L. (2016). The labor that makes AI “magic”. White House and NYU: AINow Summit.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tubaro, P., Casilli, A. A., & Coville, M. (2020) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/2053951720919776 · Cited by 262
Self-citationThe ethical debate about the gig economy: A review and critical analysis
Tan, Z. M., Aggarwal, N., Cowls, J., Morley, J., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2021) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101594 · Cited by 225
Vergne, J. (2020) · Organization Theory · doi:10.1177/2631787720977052 · Cited by 212
Artificial intelligence, firms and consumer behavior: A survey
Abrardi, L., Cambini, C., & Rondi, L. (2019) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/joes.12455 · Cited by 229
Digitalization, routineness and employment: An exploration on Italian task-based data
Cirillo, V., Evangelista, R., Guarascio, D., & Sostero, M. (2020) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2020.104079 · Cited by 148
Metadata
- Authors
- Tubaro, P., & Casilli, A. A.
- Affiliations
- Université Paris-Sud (FR)
- Télécom Paris (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Tubaro, Paola
- Venue
- Journal of Industrial and Business Economics
- Published
- 2019-06-05
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 333-345
- ISSN
- 0391-2078 (ISSN-L)
- 1972-4977
- OpenAlex
- W2948141579
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 30.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hal.science
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Industrial and Business Economics (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Force Ouvrière-IRES (2017-3)
- France Stratégie (2018)
- MSH Paris Saclay (17MA07)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Economy and Work Transformation
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Industrial relations › Legal and Labor Studies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Global trade, sustainability, and social impact
- Keywords
- artificial intelligence, data annotation, low-skilled labor, automotive industry, autonomous vehicles, connected vehicles, AI training data, digital platforms, global supply chains, gig economy
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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