The DOI matches its Crossref record; 117 of the 130 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 30 of the 45 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics
Open accessAbstract
With the rapid development of computer software and hardware technologies, more and more healthcare data are becoming readily available from clinical institutions, patients, insurance companies, and pharmaceutical industries, among others. This access provides an unprecedented opportunity for data science technologies to derive data-driven insights and improve the quality of care delivery. Healthcare data, however, are usually fragmented and private making it difficult to generate robust results across populations. For example, different hospitals own the electronic health records (EHR) of different patient populations and these records are difficult to share across hospitals because of their sensitive nature. This creates a big barrier for developing effective analytical approaches that are generalizable, which need diverse, "big data." Federated learning, a mechanism of training a shared global model with a central server while keeping all the sensitive data in local institutions where the data belong, provides great promise to connect the fragmented healthcare data sources with privacy-preservation. The goal of this survey is to provide a review for federated learning technologies, particularly within the biomedical space. In particular, we summarize the general solutions to the statistical challenges, system challenges, and privacy issues in federated learning, and point out the implications and potentials in healthcare.
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Claims the paper makes
14 No basis given · 10 Own interpretation · 9 Supported · 8 Partly supported · 3 Sources not found · 3 No full text of the sources · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Another commonly used method is globally sharing a small portion of data between all the clients [75, 111]. The shared subset is required containing a uniform distribution over classes from the central server to the clients.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Federated Learning > Statistical Challenges of Federated Learning
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [75] Nishio T, Yonetani R (2018) Client selection for federated learning with heterogeneous resources in mobile edge. arXiv:1804.08333 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Experimental Setup (p. 5) describes IID and non-IID data assignments, but not sharing a small, class-balanced subset among clients. The Results (p. 7) discuss increasing client participation or using model compression to alleviate non-IID effects. Searches for shared data and uniform class distribution found no passage addressing the claimed method. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Supportedcites [111] Zhao Y, Li M, Lai L, Suda N, Civin D, Chandra V (2018) Federated learning with non-iid data. arXiv:1806.00582 source
Section 4.2 (p. 7) proposes a small, globally shared dataset with a uniform distribution over classes, distributed from the cloud to clients to improve federated learning with non-IID data. Section 4.2 (p. 8) reports improved accuracy using this strategy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“When the component distributions are actually different, pluralism can outperform the “ideal” IID baseline.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Federated Learning > Statistical Challenges of Federated Learning
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [28] Eichner H, Koren T, McMahan HB, Srebro N, Talwar K (2019) Semi-cyclic stochastic gradient descent. arXiv:1904.10120 source
The Summary (p. 8) states the claim directly, adding that the paper's experiments illustrate it. Section 4 (p. 4) explains that separate predictors can benefit when component subproblems conflict. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“It is demonstrated can work with certain non independent identical distribution (non-IID) data by requiring all the clients to share the same model.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Federated Learning > Statistical Challenges of Federated Learning
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [69] McMahan B, Moore E, Ramage D, Hampson S, Arcas BA (2017) Communication-efficient learning of deep networks from decentralized data. In: Artificial intelligence and statistics, pp 1273–1282 source
The Experimental Results (p. 6) report that FedAvg achieved substantial speedups on pathologically non-IID MNIST data and worked on non-IID Shakespeare data. The FederatedAveraging Algorithm (p. 4) describes clients updating a shared starting model and the server averaging their models. The paper does not establish that sharing a model alone is sufficient for every non-IID setting, but the claim is limited to certain data. (LLM, conf=0.88)
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Most centralized models are trained on the aggregated training samples obtained from the samples drawn from the local clients [96, 111]. Intrinsically, the centralized model is trained to minimize the loss with respect to the uniform distribution [73]”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Federated Learning > Statistical Challenges of Federated Learning
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [96] Smith V, Chiang CK, Sanjabi M, Talwalkar AS (2017) Federated multi-task learning. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 4424–4434
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [111] Zhao Y, Li M, Lai L, Suda N, Civin D, Chandra V (2018) Federated learning with non-iid data. arXiv:1806.00582 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.1 (p. 4) describes centralized training as optimizing population loss, but it does not say the population distribution is uniform. Sections 4.1–4.2 (p. 7) specify a uniform distribution over classes only for a separate, globally shared dataset used in the authors’ data-sharing strategy. That does not establish that centralized models generally minimize loss with respect to a uniform distribution. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not matchedcites [73] Mohri M, Sivek G, Suresh AT (2019) Agnostic federated learning. In: Chaudhuri K, Salakhutdinov R (eds) Proceedings of the 36th International conference on machine learning, proceedings of machine learning research, vol 97. PMLR, Long Beach, pp 4615–4625
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The performance of convolutional neural networks trained with FedAvg algorithm can reduce significantly due to the weight divergence [111].”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Federated Learning > Statistical Challenges of Federated Learning
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [111] Zhao Y, Li M, Lai L, Suda N, Civin D, Chandra V (2018) Federated learning with non-iid data. arXiv:1806.00582 source
The Introduction (p. 1) reports substantial accuracy reductions for CNNs trained with FedAvg on highly skewed non-IID data. The Introduction (p. 2) attributes that reduction to weight divergence, directly supporting the claim's explanation. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For example, Obermeyer et al. [76] found that a commonly used algorithm to determine enrollment in specific health programs was biased against African Americans, assigning the same level of risk to healthier Caucasian patients.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Applications > Healthcare
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [76] Obermeyer Z, Powers B, Vogeli C, Mullainathan S (2019) Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations. Science 366(6464):447–453 source
The paper’s opening section says the widely used algorithm helps identify patients for additional care and that, at a given risk score, Black patients are considerably sicker than White patients. The “Health disparities conditional on risk score” section likewise reports that Black patients are less healthy than White patients at any level of algorithm prediction. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Thus, some researchers combine DP with SMC to reduce the growth of noise injection as the number of parties increases without sacrificing privacy while preserving provable privacy guarantees, protecting against extraction attacks and collusion threats [18, 100].”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Federated Learning > Privacy and Security
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [18] Cheng K, Fan T, Jin Y, Liu Y, Chen T, Yang Q (2019) Secureboost: a lossless federated learning framework. arXiv:1901.08755 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 1) describes noise injection in differential privacy, and the Security Discussion (p. 5) mentions secure multi-party computation as a way to limit information leakage. Neither passage says the methods are combined or that combining them reduces noise growth as the number of parties increases. Searches for that combination, noise growth, and party count found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [100] Truex S, Baracaldo N, Anwar A, Steinke T, Ludwig H, Zhang R (2018) A hybrid approach to privacy-preserving federated learning. arXiv:1812.03224 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Therefore, federated learning has a promising application in NLP like virtual keyboard prediction [7, 39, 70].”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Applications > Others
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [7] Bonawitz K, Eichner H, Grieskamp W, Huba D, Ingerman A, Ivanov V, Kiddon C, Konecny J, Mazzocchi S, McMahan HB, et al. (2019) Towards federated learning at scale: System design. arXiv:1902.01046 source
The Applications section (p. 8) describes Gboard using federated learning for keyboard content suggestions and next-word prediction. It also reports that the federated next-word model outperformed comparison models in live experiments, supporting the characterization of keyboard prediction as a promising application. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites [39] Hard A, Rao K, Mathews R, Beaufays F, Augenstein S, Eichner H, Kiddon C, Ramage D (2018) Federated learning for mobile keyboard prediction. arXiv:1811.03604 source
The Abstract (p. 1) describes training a language model with federated learning for next-word prediction in a smartphone virtual keyboard and reports better prediction recall than server-based training. The Conclusion (p. 6) says the federated model outperformed the comparison models on that task, supporting the claim that this is a promising NLP application. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites [70] McMahan HB, Ramage D, Talwar K, Zhang L (2017) Learning differentially private recurrent language models. arXiv:1710.06963 source
The Introduction (p. 1) identifies next-word prediction on a mobile keyboard as the paper’s motivating application. The Experimental Results (p. 6) evaluate federated training of a language model tuned for that setting, and the Conclusions (p. 9) describe its promise for real-world applications. The experiments used a public dataset, so this supports the claim of a promising application, not a deployed keyboard system. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Their results show that training the model in the federated learning framework leads to comparable performance to the traditional centralized learning setting.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Applications > Healthcare
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [90] Sharma P, Shamout FE, Clifton DA (2019) Preserving patient privacy while training a predictive model of in-hospital mortality. arXiv:1912.00354 source
The Abstract (p. 1) states that federated training achieved performance comparable to traditional centralized training. The Problem Formulation (p. 2) identifies the task as predicting in-hospital mortality for ICU patients, and the Summary (p. 4) repeats the performance comparison. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, this specific uniform distribution is not an adequate solution in most scenarios.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Federated Learning > Statistical Challenges of Federated Learning
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 19
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Privacy and Security: Additional privacy protections are needed for unreliable participating clients. It is impossible to ensure all clients are equally reliable.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Federated Learning
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] Caldas S, Wu P, Li T, Konečnỳ J, McMahan HB, Smith V, Talwalkar A (2018) Leaf: a benchmark for federated settings. arXiv:1812.01097 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 1) says federated methods must address privacy and security concerns because personally generated data is sensitive. It does not say that participating clients are unreliable, that their reliability cannot be ensured, or that unreliability calls for additional privacy protections. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not matchedcites [96] Smith V, Chiang CK, Sanjabi M, Talwalkar AS (2017) Federated multi-task learning. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 4424–4434
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The number of participating clients in federated learning is large, potentially thousands or millions.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Federated dropout not only reduces the downlink communication but also reduces the size of uplink updates. Moreover, the local computational costs is correspondingly reduced since the local training procedure dealing with parameters with smaller dimensions.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Federated Learning > Communication Efficiency of Federated Learning
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] Caldas S, Konečny J, McMahan HB, Talwalkar A (2018) Expanding the reach of federated learning by reducing client resource requirements. arXiv:1812.07210 source
Section 3.2 (p. 4) says federated dropout transmits only the coefficients needed for a smaller sub-model, reducing server-to-client communication. It explicitly states that client-to-server updates are smaller and that local training requires fewer FLOPS. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Communication Efficiency: The number of clients K is large and can be much bigger than the average number of training sample stored in the activated clients, i.e., K ≫ (n/K).”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Federated Learning
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [13] Caldas S, Wu P, Li T, Konečnỳ J, McMahan HB, Smith V, Talwalkar A (2018) Leaf: a benchmark for federated settings. arXiv:1812.01097 source
Table 1 (Section 2 LEAF, p. 3) reports thousands to millions of devices for several datasets, with far fewer mean samples per device—for example, 660,120 devices and 2.42 samples per device in Sent140. The Introduction (p. 1) also describes federated settings as having very large numbers of devices. These passages support the claim that client count can greatly exceed average samples per client, though not for every dataset listed. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not matchedcites [96] Smith V, Chiang CK, Sanjabi M, Talwalkar AS (2017) Federated multi-task learning. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 4424–4434
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Therefore, some researches began to study fully decentralized framework where the central server is not required [41, 60, 85, 91]. The local clients are distributed over the graph/network where they only communicate with their one-hop neighbors.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Federated Learning > Communication Efficiency of Federated Learning
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [41] He C, Tan C, Tang H, Qiu S, Liu J (2019) Central server free federated learning over single-sided trust social networks. arXiv:1910.04956 source
The Introduction (p. 1) describes a decentralized architecture in which the central node is removed and each node communicates only with its neighbors. It also presents the paper’s federated-learning setting as one without a central server; graph neighbors correspond to the citing sentence’s one-hop neighbors. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites [60] Lalitha A, Kilinc OC, Javidi T, Koushanfar F (2019) Peer-to-peer federated learning on graphs. arXiv:1901.11173 source
The Introduction (p. 1) explicitly describes a fully decentralized framework with no centralized controller and nodes that communicate only with their one-hop neighbors. The Discussion (p. 6) likewise describes learning with no central server. (LLM, conf=0.95)
- Partly supportedcites [85] Roy AG, Siddiqui S, Pölsterl S, Navab N, Wachinger C (2019) Braintorrent: a peer-to-peer environment for decentralized federated learning. arXiv:1905.06731 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 2) and Conclusion (p. 8) describe BrainTorrent as server-less, with clients communicating directly rather than through a central server. The one-hop-neighbor restriction is not supported as a general network rule: Section 2.2 (p. 4) says every client is directly connected to every other client, and an initiating client pings all the others. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [91] Shayan M, Fung C, Yoon CJ, Beschastnikh I (2018) Biscotti: a ledger for private and secure peer-to-peer machine learning. arXiv:1811.09904 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (p. 1) describes Biscotti as a fully decentralized peer-to-peer approach, supporting the claim that it does not require a central server. The Noising protocol (p. 7) says a peer contacts selected noising peers, but our copy does not establish that clients communicate only with one-hop neighbors. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Compared to AFL, Li et al. [64] proposed q-Fair Federated Learning (q-FFL), assigning higher weight to devices with poor performance, so that the distribution of accuracy in the network reduces in variance.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Federated Learning > Statistical Challenges of Federated Learning
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [64] Li T, Sanjabi M, Smith V (2019) Fair resource allocation in federated learning. arXiv:1905.10497 source
The Introduction (p. 1) says q-FFL gives higher relative weight to devices with higher loss. Section 4.2 (p. 7) reports that q-FFL with q > 0 reduces the variance of testing accuracies across devices. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Statistical Challenge: The data distribution among all clients differ greatly, i.e., , we have . It is such that any data points available locally are far from being a representative sample of the overall distribution, i.e., .”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Federated Learning
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] Caldas S, Wu P, Li T, Konečnỳ J, McMahan HB, Smith V, Talwalkar A (2018) Leaf: a benchmark for federated settings. arXiv:1812.01097 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 1) says devices have different, though perhaps related, data-generating distributions, supporting the claim of heterogeneous client data. It does not establish that every client's local samples are far from representative of the overall distribution; that absolute formulation goes beyond the passage. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not matchedcites [96] Smith V, Chiang CK, Sanjabi M, Talwalkar AS (2017) Federated multi-task learning. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 4424–4434
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, DP only protects users from data leakage to a certain extent and may reduce performance in prediction accuracy because it is a lossy method [18].”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Federated Learning > Privacy and Security
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] Cheng K, Fan T, Jin Y, Liu Y, Chen T, Yang Q (2019) Secureboost: a lossless federated learning framework. arXiv:1901.08755 source
The Introduction (p. 1) says differential privacy prevents user-data leakage only to a certain degree. It also says that adding noise makes the method lossy in machine learning and may result in unsatisfactory prediction accuracy. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Federated learning has also enabled predictive modeling based on diverse sources, which can provide clinicians with additional insights into the risks and benefits of treating patients earlier [9, 10, 90].”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Applications > Healthcare
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [9] Boughorbel S, Jarray F, Venugopal N, Moosa S, Elhadi H, Makhlouf M (2019) Federated uncertainty-aware learning for distributed hospital ehr data. arXiv:1910.12191 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 1) says federated learning enables predictive models trained jointly from different EHR sources. The Clinical Application section (p. 2) describes predicting preterm-birth risk three months before delivery, but does not say the model gives clinicians insight into the risks and benefits of treating patients earlier. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [10] Brisimi TS, Chen R, Mela T, Olshevsky A, Paschalidis IC, Shi W (2018) Federated learning of predictive models from federated electronic health records. Int J Med Inform 112:59–67 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (Objective) and Conclusions describe a federated model that uses distributed EHR data to predict future hospitalizations. The Introduction (Health application) links prediction and early prevention, but the paper does not assess the risks and benefits of treating patients earlier or show that its model gives clinicians insight into that trade-off. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [90] Sharma P, Shamout FE, Clifton DA (2019) Preserving patient privacy while training a predictive model of in-hospital mortality. arXiv:1912.00354 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 1) describes federated training of an in-hospital mortality model using data distributed across hospitals, and the Summary (p. 4) discusses the potential value of larger, more diverse datasets. The paper does not say that its model gives clinicians insight into the risks and benefits of treating patients earlier. Its evaluation used one database distributed among virtual workers, rather than data collected from multiple hospitals (Dataset, p. 3). (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Federated learning is a viable method to connect EHR data from medical institutions, allowing them to share their experiences, and not their data, with a guarantee of privacy [9, 25, 34, 45, 65, 82].”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Applications > Healthcare
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [9] Boughorbel S, Jarray F, Venugopal N, Moosa S, Elhadi H, Makhlouf M (2019) Federated uncertainty-aware learning for distributed hospital ehr data. arXiv:1910.12191 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 1) says federated learning jointly trains models from different EHR sources without sharing data, and §3.2 (p. 3) says the proposed algorithm preserves data privacy by sending model updates to the data location. Those passages support the paraphrase, but not the citing sentence’s stronger claim of a privacy guarantee; the Introduction also identifies privacy as an ongoing challenge. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Partly supportedcites [25] Duan R, Boland MR, Liu Z, Liu Y, Chang HH, Xu H, Chu H, Schmid CH, Forrest CB, Holmes JH, et al. (2020) Learning from electronic health records across multiple sites: a communication-efficient and privacy-preserving distributed algorithm. J Am Med Inform Assoc 27(3):376–385 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion (page not provided) says ODAL enables analysis across multiple clinical datasets without transferring patient-level data, supporting the claim that institutions can learn from EHR data without sharing those records. It defines privacy preservation in that limited sense; it does not establish the citing sentence’s broader “guarantee of privacy.” (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [34] Gruendner J, Schwachhofer T, Sippl P, Wolf N, Erpenbeck M, Gulden C, Kapsner LA, Zierk J, Mate S, Stürzl M, et al. (2019) KETOS: Clinical decision support and machine learning as a service–A training and deployment platform based on Docker, OMOP-CDM, and FHIR Web Services. PloS one 14(10):1–16 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (Example model 3; page unavailable) describes training models across a federated hospital network while only aggregated statistics leave each institution. The Discussion likewise says patient data need not leave hospitals. These passages support privacy-preserving cross-institutional training, but they do not establish the claimed guarantee of privacy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [45] Huang L, Liu D (2019) Patient clustering improves efficiency of federated machine learning to predict mortality and hospital stay time using distributed electronic medical records. arXiv:1903.09296 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says federated learning keeps EMR data local and aggregates locally computed results, allowing institutions to learn together without sharing the records. The Conclusions (page unavailable) describe the authors’ clustering method as avoiding a privacy breach. Neither passage establishes the citing sentence’s stronger claim of a guarantee of privacy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [65] Li Z, Roberts K, Jiang X, Long Q (2019) Distributed learning from multiple ehr databases: Contextual embedding models for medical events. J Biomed Inform 92:103138 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Distributed Noise Contrastive Estimation and Privacy Protection sections describe building a model from multiple EHR databases without sharing patient data; sites share a differentially private count table instead. But the Conclusion and Discussion says the experiment used two EHR systems at one institution, not different hospitals, and calls for evaluation across hospitals. The paper describes privacy protection, not an unqualified guarantee of privacy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [82] Raja PV, Sivasankar E (2014) Modern framework for distributed healthcare data analytics based on hadoop. In: Information and communication technology-EurAsia conference. Springer, pp 348–355 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Federated learning, a mechanism of training a shared global model with a central server while keeping all the sensitive data in local institutions where the data belong, provides great promise to connect the fragmented healthcare data sources with privacy-preservation.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mohri et al. [73] proposed a minimax optimization scheme, i.e., agnostic federated learning (AFL), where the centralized model is optimized for any possible target distribution formed by a mixture of the client distributions.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Federated Learning > Statistical Challenges of Federated Learning
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [73] Mohri M, Sivek G, Suresh AT (2019) Agnostic federated learning. In: Chaudhuri K, Salakhutdinov R (eds) Proceedings of the 36th International conference on machine learning, proceedings of machine learning research, vol 97. PMLR, Long Beach, pp 4615–4625
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Apparently, we can consider three ways to reduce the communication cost: (a) reduce the number of clients K, (b) reduce the update size, (c) reduce the number of updates U.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Federated Learning > Communication Efficiency of Federated Learning
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Healthcare data, however, are usually fragmented and private making it difficult to generate robust results across populations.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Federated learning holds great promises on healthcare data analytics.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Introduction
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Federated learning, a mechanism of training a shared global model with a central server while keeping all the sensitive data in local institutions where the data belong”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Without well-designed incentives, self-interested mobile or other wearable devices will be reluctant to participate in federal learning tasks, which will hinder the adoption of federated learning [53].”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Conclusions and Open Questions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [53] Kang J, Xiong Z, Niyato D, Yu H, Liang YC, Kim DI (2019) Incentive design for efficient federated learning in mobile networks: A contract theory approach. arXiv:1905.07479 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Federated tries to make isolated institutions or devices share their experiences, and the performance of machine learning model will be significantly improved by the formed large medical dataset.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Conclusions and Open Questions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Differential privacy (DP) [26] is an alternative theoretical model for protecting the privacy of individual data, which has been widely applied to many areas, not only traditional algorithms, e.g., boosting [27], principal component analysis [15], support vector machine [86], but also deep learning research [1, 70]. It ensures that the addition or removal does not substantially affect the outcome”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Federated Learning > Privacy and Security
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Dwork C, Kenthapadi K, McSherry F, Mironov I, Naor M (2006) Our data, ourselves: Privacy via distributed noise generation. In: Annual international conference on the theory and applications of cryptographic techniques. Springer, pp 486–503 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, most health systems suffer from data clutter and efficiency problems.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Conclusions and Open Questions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This widespread adoption is due in part by the fact that it enables a collaborative modeling mechanism that allows for efficient ML all while ensuring data privacy and legal compliance between multiple parties or multiple computing nodes.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Applications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analyzed results are apparently worthless when dirty data are accidentally used as samples.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Conclusions and Open Questions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Medical devices in hospitals have incomparable advantages over wearable devices.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Conclusions and Open Questions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although SMC guarantees that none of the parties shares anything with each other or with any third party, it can not prevent an adversary from learning some individual information”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Federated Learning > Privacy and Security
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Bonawitz K, Ivanov V, Kreuter B, Marcedone A, McMahan HB, Patel S, Ramage D, Segal A, Seth K (2017) Practical secure aggregation for privacy-preserving machine learning. In: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGSAC conference on computer and communications security. ACM, pp 1175–1191 source
- Not matchedcites [78] Pathak M, Rane S, Raj B (2010) Multiparty differential privacy via aggregation of locally trained classifiers. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 1876–1884
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Federated learning has the potential to connect all the isolated medical institutions, hospitals, or devices to make them share their experiences with privacy guarantee.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Conclusions and Open Questions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the prediction task is currently restricted and relatively simple.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Conclusions and Open Questions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quality of data collected from multiple sources is uneven and there is no uniform data standard.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Conclusions and Open Questions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The creation and utility of standardized common data models, such as OMOP [44], allow for more wide-spread replication analyses but it does not overcome the limitations of joint data access.”
§ Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics > Applications > Healthcare
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [44] Hripcsak G, Duke JD, Shah NH, Reich CG, Huser V, Schuemie MJ, Suchard MA, Park RW, Wong ICK, Rijnbeek PR, et al. (2015) Observational health data sciences and informatics (ohdsi): opportunities for observational researchers. Stud Health Technol Inform 216:574
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The authors state this as an assumption.
The number of participating clients in federated learning is large, potentially thousands or millions.
“In federated learning, we usually assume the number of participated clients (e.g., phones, cars, clinical institutions...) is large, potentially in the thousands or millions.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
There are K activated clients where data reside, each with a data distribution and a number of samples.
“Mathematically, assume there are K activated clients where the data reside in (a client could be a mobile phone, a wearable device, or a clinical institution data warehouse, etc.). Let denote the data distribution associated with client k and nk the number of samples available from that client.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Due to the contemporary features, DFL can be integrated with P2Pbased communication technologies such as blockchain [37] to build decentralized FL systems.”
From Federated Learning for Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey (2021) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“FL enables healthcare records that are located across different institutions to be connected without revealing personal information [11].”
From A comprehensive survey on federated learning techniques for healthcare informatics (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Xu et al. [11] surveyed the papers that focus FL in the biomedical area to provide a review.”
From A systematic review on federated learning in medical image analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“By enabling multiple institutions to collaborate on AI model development without exchanging patient data, FL addresses the most pressing concerns in healthcare AI: privacy and data integrity.”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“By enabling multiple institutions to collaborate on AI model development without exchanging patient data, FL addresses the most pressing concerns in healthcare AI: privacy and data integrity.”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“As Ref. [19] explains, only the model parameters or gradients-essentially the learned features or updates to the model-are shared with a central server or among participants.”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“This ensures that the raw patient data, which may contain personally identifiable information, never leaves the institution's premises where it was collected.”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“The authors of [19] highlight the statistical variance in data distribution among clients, communication efficiency, and the potential for malicious clients as operational challenges in FL.”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“The core principle of DP is to ensure that the presence or absence of any individual's data do not substantially alter the outcome of an analysis.”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“This method is advantageous for sharing insights from health data, such as statistical summaries or AI model parameters, while safeguarding patient confidentiality.”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“It functions by introducing a calculated amount of random noise, either to the data itself or to the outputs of algorithms, thereby making it statistically challenging for attackers to deduce sensitive information about any individual in the dataset.”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“By creating a secure and tamper-proof ledger for medical data transactions, blockchain technology ensures the integrity and traceability of patient data, which is paramount in clinical settings.”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“As privacy protection intensifies with increased noise, the usefulness of the data for research and the accuracy of AI models may be compromised.”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“While it excels at enhancing privacy, it can simultaneously lead to reduced accuracy of predictions or analyses due to the added noise.”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“For instance, blockchain can be used to securely manage electronic health records (EHRs), providing a reliable source of patient data for healthcare professionals and AI algorithms while preventing unauthorized access and data breaches [19].”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Blockchain technology stands out for its unique attributes of decentralization, immutability, and transparency, which are particularly beneficial in the context of healthcare AI systems.”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“This hybrid approach is designed to control the escalation of noise with the number of participants, thus maintaining both privacy and the practical value of the data.”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“DP's application extends to various algorithms, including but not limited to boosting, principal component analysis, support vector machines, and deep learning.”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“It is also effectively employed in Federated Learning scenarios involving decentralized data processing across multiple entities, such as hospitals or research institutions, to prevent indirect data leakage-a prevalent issue in collaborative environments [19].”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“By enabling the training of AI models on decentralized data sources, FL ensures that sensitive patient information remains within the confines of the local institution, thereby preserving privacy.”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“To counterbalance this, researchers often integrate DP with other methods like Secure Multi-party Computation (SMC) to balance privacy and data utility [19].”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“At the same time, client selection protocols, model compression, and update reduction strategies aim to improve communication efficiency.”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“FL's ability to integrate data from various sources without compromising privacy is a testament to its potential to enhance the capabilities of healthcare AI systems.”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, integrating Secure Multi-party Computation and Differential Privacy within FL frameworks enhances the privacy and security of the data, making FL a powerful tool for healthcare applications [19].”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Techniques like Agnostic Federated Learning and q-Fair Federated Learning have been proposed to address the issue of data heterogeneity.”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“By adopting these technologies, healthcare providers can meet the requirements of laws such as HIPAA in the United States and GDPR in Europe, which mandate strict data privacy and security standards.”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“The ethical considerations of patient data use are also addressed, as these technologies provide mechanisms to ensure that patient consent is obtained and that data are used to respect individual autonomy and dignity [19].”
From Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“In healthcare, AI performs a vital and crucial role in understanding the human thinking process through the computer using various effective AI-based algorithms to make complex examinations easier for healthcare professionals [83].”
From Federated learning-based AI approaches in smart healthcare: Concepts, taxonomies, challenges and open issues (2023) · cites this paper as [83]
In the citing paper
“To overcome this issue, federated learning is used to train the shared global model using data from several institutions without compromising data privacy [13].”
From A Comprehensive Analysis of Recent Deep and Federated-Learning-Based Methodologies for Brain Tumor Diagnosis (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“However, the results of deep learning are less accurate, as the datasets for training and testing are smaller.”
From A Comprehensive Analysis of Recent Deep and Federated-Learning-Based Methodologies for Brain Tumor Diagnosis (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“It has been observed that addressing the security issues was primarily focused [11]; however, more attention needs to be paid to the protection of end-user privacy in modern electronic health care systems [12], [13].”
From Federated Learning for Privacy Preservation in Smart Healthcare Systems: A Comprehensive Survey (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Federated machine learning has shown promising results in the healthcare industry, as indicated in [146,147].”
From Smart Wearables for the Detection of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Literature Review (2023) · cites this paper as [146]
In the citing paper
“Xu et al. performed a survey focusing on the progress of federated learning in healthcare informatics [7].”
From Applications of Federated Learning; Taxonomy, Challenges, and Research Trends (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
Citations
Cites
LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14539 · Cited by 84,126
Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Data
McMahan, H. B., Moore, E., Ramage, D., Hampson, S., & Arcas, B. A. Y. (2016) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1602.05629 · Cited by 14,215 · cited 2×
“The naive way to solve the federated learning problem is through Federated Averaging (FedAvg) [61].”
BackgroundMethodDistilling the Knowledge in a Neural Network
Hinton, G., Vinyals, O., & Dean, J. (2015) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1503.02531 · Cited by 14,204 · cited 1×
“, sparse, low-rank [58], or more specifically, pruning the least useful connections in a network [37, 113], weight quantization [17, 89], and model distillation [43].”
BackgroundMIMIC-III, a freely accessible critical care database
Johnson, A. E. W., Pollard, T. J., Shen, L., Lehman, L.-W. H., Feng, M., Ghassemi, M., Moody, B., Szolovits, P., Anthony Celi, L., & Mark, R. G. (2016) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/sdata.2016.35 · Cited by 8,141 · cited 1×
“tionbetweenparticipants aboutsomeoftheencryptedresults[70]. Table1:Summaryofrecentworkonfederatedlearningforhealthcare Problem MLMethod #Hospital Data PatientSimilarityLearning[54] Hashing 3 MIMIC-III[42] PatientSimilarityLearning[96] Hashing 20 MIMIC-III Phenotyping[47] *TF 1-5 MIMIC-III,UCSD[92] Phenotyping[59] NLP…”
MethodAdvances and Open Problems in Federated Learning
Kairouz, P., McMahan, H. B., Avent, B., Bellet, A., Bennis, M., Bhagoji, A. N., Bonawitz, K., Charles, Z., Cormode, G., Cummings, R., et al. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1912.04977 · Cited by 7,857
Advances and Open Problems in Federated Learning
Kairouz, P., & McMahan, H. B. (2021) · Foundations and Trends in Machine Learning · doi:10.1561/2200000083 · Cited by 7,772
Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations
Obermeyer, Z., Powers, B., Vogeli, C., & Mullainathan, S. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aax2342 · Cited by 7,137 · cited 1×
“esearch[64].Whileprovidingahugeamountof patient data for analysis, EHRs contain systemic and random biases overall andspecifictohospitalsthatlimitthegeneralizabilityofresults.Forexample, Obermeyeretal.[68]foundthatacommonlyusedalgorithmtodetermineenrollment in specific health programs were biased against African America…”
BackgroundDeep Learning with Differential Privacy
Abadi, M., Chu, A., Goodfellow, I., McMahan, H. B., Mironov, I., Talwar, K., & Zhang, L. (2016) · Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security · doi:10.1145/2976749.2978318 · Cited by 6,578 · cited 2×
“, boosting [27], principal component analysis [15], support vector machine [86], but also deep learning research [1, 70].”
BackgroundFederated Machine Learning: Concept and Applications
Yang, Q., Liu, Y., Chen, T., & Tong, Y. (2019) · ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology · doi:10.1145/3298981 · Cited by 6,322 · cited 3×
“privacyandlegalcompliancebetweenmultiplepartiesormultiplecomputing nodes. Some promising examples that highlight these capabilities are virtual keyboard prediction [31,62], smart retail [99], finance [97], vehicle-to-vehicle communication[80].Inthissection,wefocusprimarilyonapplicationswithin thehealthcarespace,butalso…”
BackgroundInfluentialHan, S., Mao, H., & Dally, W. J. (2015) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1510.00149 · Cited by 4,662 · cited 1×
“, sparse, low-rank [58], or more specifically, pruning the least useful connections in a network [37, 113], weight quantization [17, 89], and model distillation [43].”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Kawa D, Punyani S, Nayak P, Karkera A, Jyotinagar V (2019) Credit risk assessment from combined bank records using federated learning. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) 6(4):1355–1358
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Items 601–700 of 1,496
Optimizing Legal Information Access: Federated Search and RAG for Secure AI-Powered Legal Solutions
Amato, F., Cirillo, E., Fonisto, M., & Moccardi, A. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata62323.2024.10825815 · Cited by 10
“In this system, data remains on users’ personal devices, while models are trained locally, ensuring privacy protection [4], [5].”
Vertical federated learning based on data subset representation for healthcare application
Shi, Y., Zhang, J., Xue, M., Zeng, Y., Jia, G., Qi-hong, Y., & Li, M. (2025) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2025.108623 · Cited by 11
Liu, J., Li, X., Xu, Y., Lyu, C., Wang, Y.-C., & Liu, X.-Y. (2025) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3543917 · Cited by 11
“FL has found recent successes in applications, such as the next word prediction model for the Google Keyboard [9], healthcare [10], [11], and environment monitoring [12].”
Du, J., Qin, N., Huang, D., Jia, X., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3546688 · Cited by 11
“Consequently, it can adversely affect the training and accuracy of diagnostic models [38].”
Privacy-Preserving Vertical Federated Learning With Tensor Decomposition for Data Missing Features
Liao, T., Fu, L., Zhang, L., Yang, L., Chen, C., Ng, M. K., Huang, H., & Zheng, Z. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3552033 · Cited by 10
“Therefore, VFL technology has been widely adopted and actively promoted in application domains [10], [11].”
Advancing Predictive Modelling in Healthcare A Data Science Approach Utilizing AI-Driven Algorithms
Vadisetty, R. (2024) · OITS International Conference on Information Technology (OCIT) · doi:10.1109/ocit65031.2024.00070 · Cited by 9
“These algorithms are able to make better predictions because they use complicated mathematical formulas and statistical methods to examine the data from many perspectives [4].”
SemFedXAI: A Semantic Framework for Explainable Federated Learning in Healthcare
Amato, A., & Branco, D. (2025) · Information · doi:10.3390/info16060435 · Cited by 13
Lotfinia, M., Tayebiarasteh, A., Samiei, S., Joodaki, M., & Arasteh, S. T. (2025) · European Journal of Radiology Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.ejrai.2025.100028 · Cited by 12
“These challenges arise from variations in labeling systems 19 – 21 , imaging equipment, patient demographics (such as age, gender, and race), the expertise of labeling clinicians, and dataset sizes 22 .”
Human factors in digital healthcare systems: a critical literature review
Ogbeyemi, A., Lin, W., Odeyemi, J., Bradford, L., Yu, H., & Zhang, W. (2025) · Enterprise Information Systems · doi:10.1080/17517575.2025.2524847 · Cited by 10
Federated learning framework integrating REFINED CNN and Deep Regression Forests
Nolte, D., Bazgir, O., Ghosh, S., & Pal, R. (2023) · Bioinformatics Advances · doi:10.1093/bioadv/vbad036 · Cited by 9
Towards Trustworthy Collaborative Healthcare Data Sharing
Firdaus, M., & Rhee, K.-H. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) · doi:10.1109/bibm58861.2023.10385319 · Cited by 13
“The authors in [27] provide an overview of FL techniques in healthcare informatics to address the challenges of fragmented and private healthcare data, particularly in the context of EHRs, which are often difficult to share due to their sensitive nature.”
BackgroundLearning competing risks across multiple hospitals: one-shot distributed algorithms
Zhang, D., Tong, J., Jing, N., Yang, Y., Luo, C., Lu, Y., Christakis, D., Güthe, D., Hornig, M., Kelleher, K. J., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocae027 · Cited by 12
Messaoud, S., Bouaafia, S., Bradai, A., Hajjaji, M. A., Mtibaa, A., & Atri, M. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.102472 · Cited by 9
Groh, R., Dürr, S., Schützenberger, A., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266989 · Cited by 10
“With a wider adoption of OpenHSV, we also believe that federated 227 learning techniques [21] will further boost the DNN segmentation performance.”
Federated Target Recognition for Multiradar Sensor Data Security
Song, Y., & Dong, G. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3271759 · Cited by 9
“FL techniques have been applied in data-sensitive areas, such as finance [25], smart vehicles [26], and healthcare [27].”
MethodPersonalized federated learning via directed acyclic graph based blockchain
Huang, C., Liu, E., Wang, R., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Geng, Y., Wang, J., & Han, S. (2023) · IET Blockchain · doi:10.1049/blc2.12054 · Cited by 8
Federated Learning for Internet of Medical Healthcare: Issues and Challenges
Chelani, N. R., Tripathy, S., Kumhar, M., Bhatia, J., Saxena, V. P., Tanwar, S., & Nayyar, A. (2024) · Scalable Computing Practice and Experience · doi:10.12694/scpe.v25i5.2905 · Cited by 8
Mehedi, S. T., Abdulrazak, L. F., Ahmed, K., Uddin, M. S., Bui, F. M., Chen, L., Moni, M. A., & Al-Zahrani, F. A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-89612-x · Cited by 9
“According to recent studies, the majority of large-scale service providers have already incorporated FL technology 20–25 , 27 .”
A federated LDA-based approach for topic modelling
Kushwaha, R., & Kaur, P. (2025) · Intelligent Decision Technologies · doi:10.1177/18724981251319629 · Cited by 8
“According to, 18 the demand for Industrial Internet of Things (IIOT) is increasing day by day.”
Joshi, H., & Joseph, S. (2025) · Advances in Health Information Science and Practice · doi:10.63116/ubym3803 · Cited by 10
Lin, J., Chen, J., Xiong, J., Jiao, D., Zhao, W., & Xiang, Y. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3578125 · Cited by 11
“Dermoscopic datasets are typically isolated across multiple institutions, governed by stringent regulatory frameworks such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [3], severely restricting collaborative model development.”
Rodriguez, M. P., Oladipo, E., & Nafea, M. (2025) · doi:10.1109/evolution65010.2025.11044926 · Cited by 9
PDSA-FL: A Poisoning-Defense Secure Aggregation in Federated Learning
Huang, Z., Bi, Y., Zhang, K., Hu, B., Su, Z., Tai, C., & Luan, X. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3588324 · Cited by 8
“This privacy-preserving characteristic makes FL particularly valuable in many information-sensitive fields, such as healthcare [3], autonomous driving [4], finance [5], and map matching [6].”
Pirmani, A., Brouwer, E. D., Arany, Á., Oldenhof, M., Passemiers, A., Faes, A., Kalinčík, T., Özakbaş, S., Gouider, R., Willekens, B. M. P., et al. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01788-8 · Cited by 16
Huang, X., Sun, M., Chengxing, S., Haoxuan, L., & Zhu, J. (2025) · The Visual Computer · doi:10.1007/s00371-025-04109-y · Cited by 12
“Techniques such as synthetic domain adaptation [108], federated learning [109], and harmonization protocols [90] have shown promise in mitigating this issue, enabling models trained on one dataset to generalize better to others .”
Le, D.-D., Tuong, N. H., Tran, A.-K., Dao, M.-S., & Bao, P. T. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0322766 · Cited by 10
Artificial Intelligence Applications in Emergency Toxicology: Advancements and Challenges
Yong, L. P. X., Tung, J. Y. M., Cheung, N. M. T., Lee, Z. Y., Ng, E. Y., Ng, A. J. Y., Lim, C. K. W., Boon, Y., Lim, D. Y. Z., Sng, G. G. R., et al. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/73121 · Cited by 10
AI-Powered Synergistic Robotics and IoT Ecosystems for Predictive and Preventive Healthcare
Ravikumar, R. N., & Aarthi, S. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-5447-7.ch001 · Cited by 9
Malpetti, D., Scutari, M., Gualdi, F., van Setten, J., van der Laan, S. W., Haitjema, S., Lee, A. M., Hering, I., & Mangili, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1644291 · Cited by 12
“In this respect, we foresee that federated learning in bioinformatics may diverge from the mainstream, which has largely standardised on deep learning models (15, 16).”
Federated Learning for 6G Security: A Survey on Threats, Solutions, and Research Directions
de Alwis, C., Aouedi, O., Xu, J., Wang, S., Siriwardhana, Y., Hewa, T. M., Zeydan, E., Sandeepa, C., & Liyanage, M. (2026) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2026.3663434 · Cited by 16
Self-citationPrivacy-preserving design of smart products through federated learning
Liu, A., Yu, Q., Xia, B., et al. (2021) · CIRP Annals · doi:10.1016/j.cirp.2021.04.022 · Cited by 8
A Federated Adversarial Learning Method for Biomedical Named Entity Recognition
Zhao, H., Yuan, S., Xie, N., Leng, J., & Wang, G. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) · doi:10.1109/bibm52615.2021.9669728 · Cited by 8
Robust Aggregation for Federated Learning by Minimum γ-Divergence Estimation
Li, C.-J., Huang, P.-H., Ma, Y.-T., Hung, H., & Huang, S. (2022) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e24050686 · Cited by 12
Towards More Efficient Data Valuation in Healthcare Federated Learning Using Ensembling
Kumar, S., Lakshminarayanan, A., Chang, K., Guretno, F., Mien, I. H., Kalpathy–Cramer, J., Krishnaswamy, P., & Singh, P. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-18523-6_12 · Cited by 12
Mooney, S. D. (2023) · The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1093/jalm/jfac113 · Cited by 10
Federated Learning and Adaptive Privacy Preserving in Healthcare
Madhavi, K. R., Suri, V. K., Mahalakshmi, V. J., Reddy, R. O., & Reddy, C. S. K. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27499-2_51 · Cited by 9
Stealing Secrecy from Outside: A Novel Gradient Inversion Attack in Federated Learning
Zhang, C., Liang, H., Li, Y., Wu, T., Zhu, L., & Zhang, W. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS) · doi:10.1109/icpads56603.2022.00044 · Cited by 8
“Therefore, it has been widely adopted in various applications like healthcare systems [2], [3], intelligent transportation [4], [5], financial services [6], [7], etc.”
BackgroundCAreFL: Enhancing smart healthcare with Contribution‐Aware Federated Learning
Liu, Z., Chen, Y., Zhao, Y., Yu, H., Liu, Y., Bao, R., Jiang, J., Nie, Z., Xu, Q., & Yang, Q. (2023) · AI Magazine · doi:10.1002/aaai.12082 · Cited by 8
A Knowledge Discovery Based System Predicting Modelling for Heart Disease with Machine Learning
Karunamurthy, A., Kulunthan, K., Dhivya, P., et al. (2022) · Quing International Journal of Innovative Research in Science and Engineering · doi:10.54368/qijirse.1.1.0005 · Cited by 8
Enabling inter-organizational analytics in business networks through meta machine learning
Hirt, R., Kühl, N., Martin, D., & Satzger, G. (2023) · Information Technology and Management · doi:10.1007/s10799-023-00399-7 · Cited by 9
“Other sources confirm the economic and/or public benefits of inter-organizational machine learning for other domains like health care (Rieke et al., 2020; Tuladhar et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2021), mobility (Saputra et al., 2020), or smart cities (Jiang et al., 2020).”
FedDNA: Federated learning using dynamic node alignment
Wang, S., & Xingquan Zhu, A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288157 · Cited by 9
Towards driver distraction detection: a privacy-preserving federated learning approach
Zhou, W., Jia, Z., Feng, C., Lu, H., Lyu, F., & Li, L. (2024) · Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications · doi:10.1007/s12083-024-01639-5 · Cited by 9
“Federated learning has been applied to several fields, such as intelligent healthcare, natural language processing, image classification, and driver monitoring [14–17].”
FedSV: Byzantine-Robust Federated Learning via Shapley Value
Otmani, K., El-Azouzi, R., & Labatut, V. (2024) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc51166.2024.10622175 · Cited by 9
“FL has been widely applied to a variety of real-world applications, including keyword spotting [4], prediction of activity on mobile devices [5] and disease identification in healthcare [6].”
BackgroundFedINC: An Exemplar-Free Continual Federated Learning Framework with Small Labeled Data
Deng, Y., Yue, S., Wang, T., Wang, G. Y., Ren, J., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys) · doi:10.1145/3625687.3625800 · Cited by 10
“Recently, FL is burgeoning in a broad spectrum of applications, e.g., healthcare [70], autonomous driving [47], and Internet of Things (IoT) [38].”
BackgroundData-free adaptive structured pruning for federated learning
Fan, W., Yang, K., Wang, Y., Chen, C., & Li, J. (2024) · The Journal of Supercomputing · doi:10.1007/s11227-024-06162-1 · Cited by 10
“The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) is driving significant changes in various industries, including intelligent manufacturing [1], smart healthcare [2, 3] and autonomous driving [4, 5].”
Shi, R., Wei, L., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14135361 · Cited by 11
“As a result, federated learning has been the subject of extensive research and application in areas such as health care [3], financial services [4], and intelligent manufacturing [5], emerging as a highly promising research field within artificial intelligence.”
BackgroundPoisoning Attacks on Federated Learning-based Wireless Traffic Prediction
Zhang, Z., Fang, M., Huang, J., & Liu, Y. (2024) · IFIP Networking Conference (IFIP Networking) · doi:10.23919/ifipnetworking62109.2024.10619763 · Cited by 12
“In practical applications, FL has found widespread use in addressing real-world challenges, particularly in environments dealing with sensitive or personal data, including the Internet of Things (IoT) [1], [2], edge computing [3], and health informatics [4], [5].”
Namitha, T. N., Raghavendra, S., & Rejathalal, V. (2024) · IEEE World Conference on Applied Intelligence and Computing (AIC) · doi:10.1109/aic61668.2024.10730929 · Cited by 11
“FL technology in biomedicine, covering implementation basics such as selection of clients, compression of models, update aggregation, and peer-to-peer versus central server learning, is reviewed in [42].”
BackgroundLi, S., Yan, M., Yuan, R., Liu, M., Liu, N., & Hong, C. (2025) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2025.104780 · Cited by 9
PPCSA: Partial Participation-Based Compressed and Secure Aggregation in Federated Learning
Moustafa, A., Asad, M., Shaukat, S., et al. (2021) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75075-6_28 · Cited by 8
Zhang, T., Zhang, S., Chen, Z., Bengio, Y., & Liu, D. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020281 · Cited by 10
“patient similarity learning, patient representation learning, phenotyping, and predictive modeling [23], [24], [25], [26], [27].”
BackgroundYang, W., Wang, S., HuHu, J., & Karie, N. M. (2022) · International Journal of Multimedia Intelligence and Security · doi:10.1504/ijmis.2022.121282 · Cited by 9
Federated Learning with Dynamic Model Exchange
Hilberger, H., Hanke, S., & Bödenler, M. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11101530 · Cited by 8
Hajder, M., Hajder, P., Gil, T., Krzywda, M., Kolbusz, J., & Liput, M. (2021) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2021.09.145 · Cited by 9
“Such a solution dominates in modern intelligent medicine systems, but due to the type of diseases (relatively poorly diagnosed COVID-19 infections), it is not recommended in this case.”
BackgroundFederated Learning on Non-IID Data: A SurveyPreprint
Zhu, H., Xu, J., Liu, S., et al. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2106.06843 · Cited by 8
“Overviews of FL applications to IoT and edge devices [73, 56, 117], wireless networks [53], mobile devices [85], and healthcare [143] have also been reported.”
BackgroundSelf-citationFedlearn-Algo: A flexible open-source privacy-preserving machine learning platformPreprint
Liu, B., Tan, C., Wang, J., Zeng, T., Shan, H., Yao, H., Huang, H., Dai, P., Bo, L., & Chen, Y. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2107.04129 · Cited by 8
“Emerging efforts are seen to collaboratively use the data from multiple health care institutions for joint model training and the benefits have been demonstrated on various tasks in the literature (Brisimi et al., 2018; Rieke et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2021).”
BackgroundFederated Learning for Privacy Preservation in Healthcare
Kondaveeti, H. K., Simhadri, C. G., Mangapathi, S., & Kumari, V. V. (2024) · Advances in healthcare information systems and administration book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1874-4.ch009 · Cited by 7
Spyker: Asynchronous Multi-Server Federated Learning for Geo-Distributed Clients
Zuo, Y., Cox, B., Chen, L. Y., & Decouchant, J. (2024) · International Middleware Conference · doi:10.1145/3652892.3700778 · Cited by 7
Alruwaili, M., Siddiqi, M. H., Idris, M., Alruwaili, S., Alanazi, A. S., & Khan, F. N. (2024) · Expert Systems · doi:10.1111/exsy.13807 · Cited by 7
“Since healthcare is one of the most important application areas of federated learning among others (Antunes et al. 2022; Nguyen et al. 2022; Shailaja et al. 2018; Xu et al. 2021), the reluctance to adapt it is because of less control over personal data and security concerns.”
Bennett, R., Hemmati, M., Ramesh, R., & Razzaghi, T. (2024) · Springer optimization and its applications · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-74006-0_2 · Cited by 8
One-Shot Secure Federated K -Means Clustering Based on Density Cores
Wang, Y., Pang, W., Wang, D., et al. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2025.3547362 · Cited by 7
Exploring the implementation of federated learning in healthcare: a comprehensive review
Hudaib, A. A., Obeid, N., Albashayreh, A., Mosleh, H., Tashtoush, Y. M., & Hristov, G. (2025) · Cluster Computing · doi:10.1007/s10586-024-05014-0 · Cited by 13
“[8 , 13] have explored aspects of federated learning (FL) in healthcare, they tend to focus on specific areas, such as privacy, without comprehensively discussing the existing work.”
Healthcare federated learning: a survey of applications and frameworks
Pais, V., Rao, S., & Muniyal, B. (2025) · International Journal of Computers and Applications · doi:10.1080/1206212x.2025.2496913 · Cited by 9
“Traditional clinical workflows that healthcare providers have refined over years of practice are often disrupted when federated learning is used in healthcare settings [29].”
Chaudhary, R. K., Kumar, R., & Saxena, N. (2025) · The Journal of Supercomputing · doi:10.1007/s11227-025-07374-9 · Cited by 9
“Data Heterogeneity Among Clients : Healthcare IoT devices generate data from various patients, sensors, and medical contexts, resulting in significant non-IID data [10].”
Mobile medical systems for equitable healthcare
Chan, J., Goel, M., Gollakota, S., & Nandakumar, R. (2025) · Nature Reviews Bioengineering · doi:10.1038/s44222-025-00330-5 · Cited by 8
“By re-training a model with new patient data using federated learning 189,190 , local models can be trained on edge devices, and only encrypted model updates are sent to a central server, where they are aggregated.”
Differential Privacy-Driven Framework for Enhancing Heart Disease Prediction
Otoum, Y., & Nayak, A. R. (2025) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc52391.2025.11161731 · Cited by 10
“In [7], the authors explore the integration of differential privacy and federated learning to enhance privacy in healthcare data analysis, focusing on heart disease prediction.”
Dave, D., Vyas, K., Jayagopal, J. K., Garcia, A., Erraguntla, M., & Lawley, M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-22316-4 · Cited by 16
“A few researchers comprehensively reviewed federated learning in healthcare [68-71].”
Ahad, A., Ahmed, K. I., Ullah, F., Sheikh, M. A., Tahir, M., Hayajneh, M., & Pires, I. M. (2026) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1002/widm.70065 · Cited by 9
Collaborative Learning of Different Types of Healthcare Data From Heterogeneous IoT Devices
Zhao, L., Cai, L., & Lu, W.-S. (2023) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3307675 · Cited by 7
“For example, Vepakomma et al. [18] and Xu et al. [19] adopted FL to address privacy concerns by avoiding the sharing of raw data or model details [20], [21].”
BackgroundClient-Edge-Cloud Hierarchical Federated Learning Based on Generative Adversarial Networks
Li, D., Guo, Y., Liu, D., Ren, Y., Hu, R., & Guan, Z. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Knowledge Graph (ICKG) · doi:10.1109/ickg59574.2023.00025 · Cited by 7
“The concept of federated learning, initially introduced by Google in 2016 [1], has found extensive practical deployment and has assumed a pivotal role in facilitating privacy-sensitive applications [2]–[4].”
BackgroundSai, S., & Chamola, V. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/tce.2024.3418963 · Cited by 8
“Xu et al. [1] presented a comprehensive survey on federated learning for healthcare.”
FAM: Adaptive federated meta-learning for MRI data
Sinha, I. K., Verma, S., & Singh, K. P. (2024) · Pattern Recognition Letters · doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2024.09.018 · Cited by 7
Learning Task-Agnostic Embedding of Multiple Black-Box Experts for Multi-Task Model Fusion
Hoang, T. N., Lam, C. T., Low, B. K. H., & Jaillet, P. (2020) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 7
FedLabCluster: A Clustered Federated Learning Algorithm Based on Data Sample Label
Zhang, J., & Lv, S. (2021) · International Conference on Electronic Information Engineering and Computer Science (EIECS) · doi:10.1109/eiecs53707.2021.9588126 · Cited by 10
Federated cooperative detection of anomalous vehicle trajectories at intersections
Koetsier, C., Fiošina, J., Gremmel, J. N., Sester, M., Müller, J. P., & Woisetschläger, D. M. (2021) · ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Advances in Resilient and Intelligent Cities (ARIC) · doi:10.1145/3486626.3493439 · Cited by 10
“First evidence from other � elds of research shows the advantageous application of a federated learning approach i.e. in the healthcare industry [41], industrial engineering [24] or the � nancial sector [4].”
BackgroundApproaches to Uncertainty Quantification in Federated Deep Learning
Linsner, F., Adilova, L., Däubener, S., Kamp, M., & Fischer, A. (2021) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93736-2_12 · Cited by 8
“Deep learning is used in many critical application areas, such as healthcare [47, 44] or autonomous driving [29, 19].”
BackgroundTowards Real-World Federated Learning in Medical Image Analysis Using Kaapana
Kades, K., Scherer, J., Zenk, M., Kempf, M., & Maier-Hein, K. H. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-18523-6_13 · Cited by 10
Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning via System Immersion and Random Matrix Encryption
Hayati, H., Murguia, C., & van de Wouw, N. (2022) · IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) · doi:10.1109/cdc51059.2022.9993113 · Cited by 8
“This includes health care, the Internet of Things, and other scenarios with high privacy concerns [5], [6].”
BackgroundAttribute recognition for person re-identification using federated learning at all-in-edge
Girija, S., Baker, T., Ahmed, N., Khedr, A. M., Aghbari, Z. A., Jha, A., Соболев, К., Ahmadi‐Asl, S., & Phan, A. H. (2023) · Internet of Things · doi:10.1016/j.iot.2023.100793 · Cited by 9
A Blockchain-Based Auditable Semi-Asynchronous Federated Learning for Heterogeneous Clients
Zhuohao, Q., Firdaus, M., Noh, S., & Rhee, K.-H. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3335603 · Cited by 7
“In health-care, Xu et al. [6] investigated how FL can address the challenges posed by fragmented and private healthcare data, particularly in the context of biomedical applications.”
BackgroundFederated Learning and Artificial Intelligence in E-Healthcare
Gupta, M., Sharma, P., & Kalra, R. (2023) · Advances in healthcare information systems and administration book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1082-3.ch006 · Cited by 8
A Review of Biosensors and Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and their Clinical Significance
Tariq, M. (2024) · Psychology & Psychological Research International Journal · doi:10.23880/pprij-16000392 · Cited by 9
Fast, scalable and geo-distributed PCA for big data analytics
Adnan, T. M. T., Tanjim, M. M., & Adnan, M. A. (2021) · Information Systems · doi:10.1016/j.is.2020.101710 · Cited by 7
A Survey on Federated Learning PoisoningAttacks and DefensesPreprint
Liang, J., & Rong, W. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1900743/v1 · Cited by 15
Chen, J., Yang, Q., Dai, Q., Chang, S., Tian, J., Cong, S., & Ji, H. (2024) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02313 · Cited by 6
Ma, C., Wang, H., & Cao, J. (2025) · Energy Reports · doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2025.05.087 · Cited by 6
Machine Learning Efforts That Enhance Personalized Patient Care and Chronic Disease Management
Adeyinka, A. A., Lamina, Y., Tawo, O. E., Adeyeye, Y. I., & Minkah, A. Y. (2022) · International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology · doi:10.32628/ijsrst2302551 · Cited by 8
FedSW-TSAD: SWGAN-Based Federated Time Series Anomaly Detection
Zhang, X., Zhao, H., Zhang, W., Cao, S., Sun, H., & Zhang, B. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25134014 · Cited by 6
“For instance, DIoT [34] demonstrates the effectiveness of FL-based anomaly detection in device communication monitoring, while [35] applies FL to cross-institutional healthcare data to detect abnormal patterns early.”
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“Solutions to address this include creation of publicly available datasets, generation of synthetic data (Chen et al. 2021), or use of novel techniques such as federated learning (Xu et al. 2021).”
Wang, Y., Hu, H., & Du, W. (2025) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2025.114246 · Cited by 6
Sokhansanj, B. A., & ROSEN, G. L. (2025) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-025-02768-4 · Cited by 7
Sun, J.-R., Sun, X.-N., Lu, B.-J., & Deng, B. (2025) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v31.i46.111176 · Cited by 12
FEDGE: FEDerated learning at the EDGE on space platforms using deep neural network architectures
Siddalingappa, R., Deepa, S. M., Mary, P. S., Kalpana, P., & Lakshmi, B. (2025) · International Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s41870-025-03010-0 · Cited by 7
Bibi, M., Ahmad, R., Rizwan, A., Khan, A. N., Khan, Q. W., & Kim, D.-H. (2026) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3650610 · Cited by 9
“Recent studies have explored the potential of federated learning in healthcare, including FL for Healthcare Informatics (FLHI) proposed by Li et al. [18], [19] FL on EHRs by Choi et al. [5], [20], and a federated deep learning model for diabetic retinopathy detection by Liu et al. [21], [22], [23].”
Choudhary, A., Pamidimokkala, S., Krithiga, R., & M., B. R. (2026) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1706369 · Cited by 9
“Xu et al. (2021) explain that the ability of federated learning enables collaborating parties within the healthcare providers, insurance firms, and pharmaceutical companies to realize data-driven improvements in care.”
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Understanding the Bug Characteristics and Fix Strategies of Federated Learning Systems
Du, X., Chen, X., Cao, J., Wen, M., Cheung, S.-C., & Jin, H. (2023) · ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC/FSE) · doi:10.1145/3611643.3616347 · Cited by 6
“…PySyft 1 , Tensorflow Federated (TFF) 2 , FATE 3 and etc. Applications built upon such frameworks have been widely applied to various safety-critical areas, including autonomous driving [16], finance [19], medicine [29], transportation [17, 25], health care [31], robotics [18], and blockchain [15].”
BackgroundSmart client selection strategies for enhanced federated learning in digital healthcare applications
N., S., B., A., & Ambesange, S. (2024) · Multimedia tools and applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-024-19403-5 · Cited by 8
Xu, J., Talankar, S., Pan, J., Harmon, I., Wu, Y., Fedele, D. A., Brailsford, J., & Fishe, J. N. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/57981 · Cited by 6
“Federated learning is a subfield of ML that can address these privacy issues by allowing a central server to communicate with local sites to learn a global model, the parameters of which are then sent back to the local sites [10].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationWang, Z., Liu, S., Guo, B., Yu, Z., & Zhang, D. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing · doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3427636 · Cited by 7
“Results show that compared to five baselines, such as federated learning [8], [9], [22] and on-device distributed training baselines [20], [23]”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Xu, J., Glicksberg, B. S., Su, C., Walker, P., Bian, J., & Wang, F.
- Affiliations
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- United States Department of Defense (US)
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Fei
- Venue
- Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research
- Published
- 2020-11-12
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-19
- ISSN
- 2509-4971 (ISSN-L)
- 2509-498X
- PMC
- PMC7659898
- OpenAlex
- W3100779497
- Cited by
- 1,542
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 239 · 2025: 366 · 2024: 314 · 2023: 278 · 2022: 204 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 29
- FWCI
- 61.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1750326)
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG028740)
- Office of Naval Research (N00014-18-1-2585, N00014-18, N00014)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Machine Learning in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Keywords
- federated learning, healthcare data privacy, electronic health records, data fragmentation, privacy-preserving machine learning, biomedical applications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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