Operationalising AI ethics through the agile software development lifecycle: a case study of AI-enabled mobile health applications
Open accessAbstract
Although numerous ethical principles and guidelines have been proposed to guide the development of artificial intelligence (AI) systems, it has proven difficult to translate these principles into actionable practices beyond mere adherence to ethical ideas. This is particularly challenging in the context of AI systems for healthcare, which requires balancing the potential benefits of the solution against the risks to patients and the wider community, including minorities and underserved populations. To address this challenge, we propose a shift from one-size-fits-all ethical principles to contextualized case-based ethical frameworks. This study uses an AI-enabled mHealth application as a case study. Our framework is built on existing ethical guidelines and principles, including the AI4People framework, the EU High-Level Expert Group on trustworthy AI, and wider human rights considerations. Additionally, we incorporate relational perspectives to address human value concerns and moral tensions between individual rights and public health. Our approach is based on ”ethics by design,” where ethical principles are integrated throughout the entire AI development pipeline, ensuring that ethical considerations are not an afterthought but implemented from the beginning. For our case study, we identified 7 ethical principles: fairness, agility, precision, safeguarding humanity, respect for others, trust and accountability, and robustness and reproducibility. We believe that the best way to mitigate and address ethical consequences is by implementing ethical principles in the software development processes that developers commonly use. Finally, we provide examples of how our case-based framework can be applied in practice, using examples of AI-driven mobile applications in healthcare.
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XAI can facilitate regulatory compliance by enabling audits and assessments of AI models to ensure fairness, accountability, and compliance with ethical standards.
“Moreover, it can also facilitate regulatory compliance by enabling audits and assessments of AI models to ensure fairness, accountability, and compliance with ethical standards [29], [30].”
From Ethical Framework for Harnessing the Power of AI in Healthcare and Beyond (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
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- Authors
- Amugongo, L. M., Kriebitz, A., Boch, A., & Lütge, C.
- Affiliations
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Amugongo, Lameck Mbangula
- Kriebitz, Alexander
- Boch, Auxane
- Lütge, Christoph
- Venue
- AI and Ethics
- Published
- 2023-08-15
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 227-244
- ISSN
- 2730-5953 (ISSN-L)
- 2730-5961
- OpenAlex
- W4385835435
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 17.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- AI and Ethics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Technische Universität München
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
- Keywords
- AI ethics, mobile health apps, mobile health, ethics by design, trustworthy AI, human rights, individual rights versus public health, fairness, accountability, underserved populations
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