Cited by 172Prenatal Substance Exposure EffectsSmoking Behavior and CessationPregnancy and preeclampsia studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Smoking, maternal age, fetal growth, and gestational age at delivery

Wu Wen, Shi, Goldenberg, Robert L., Cutter, Gary R., Hoffman, Howard J., Cliver, Suzanne P., Davis, Richard O., DuBard, Mary B.·1990·American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

DOI 10.1016/0002-9378(90)90819-s

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The relationship between smoking and maternal age and their combined effects on birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, and preterm delivery were studied. Smoking lowers birth weight both by decreasing fetal growth and by lowering gestational age at delivery. However, the effect of smoking on both fetal growth and gestational age is significantly greater as maternal age advances. In a multiple logistic regression model adjusting for race, parity, marital status, maternal weight, weight gain, and alcohol use, smoking was associated with a fivefold increased risk of growth retardation in women older than 35 but less than a twofold increased risk in women younger than 17. Smoking reduced birth weight by 134 gm in young women but 301 gm in women older than 35. Smoking in older women also was associated with more instances of preterm delivery and a lower mean gestational age when compared to women 25 or younger.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/0002-9378(90)90819-s

Cites

14 of 14 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Determinants of low birth weight: methodological assessment and meta-analysis.
Kramer, M. S. (1987) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 2,682
A standard of fetal growth for the united states of America
Brenner, W. E., Edelman, D. A., & Hendricks, C. H. (1976) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(76)90748-1 · Cited by 847
PERINATAL EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH MATERNAL SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY1
MEYER, M. B., Jonas, B. S., & Tonascia, J. (1976) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112248 · Cited by 302
Smoking during pregnancy
Landesman‐Dwyer, S., & Emanuel, I. (1979) · Teratology · doi:10.1002/tera.1420190116 · Cited by 238
Effects of smoking on fetoplacental-maternal system during pregnancy
Mochizuki, M., Maruo, T., Masuko, K., & Ohtsu, T. (1984) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(84)90156-x · Cited by 152
FURTHER ANALYSES OF MORTALITY IN ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE USERS *1Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study
(1981) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(81)92872-5 · Cited by 119
Fetal growth retardation in relation to maternal smoking and weight gain in pregnancy
Miller, H. C., Hassanein, K. M., & Hensleigh, P. A. (1976) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(76)90891-7 · Cited by 107
Determinants of size at birth in a Canadian population
Anderson, G. D., Blidner, I. N., McClemont, S., & Sinclair, J. C. (1984) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(84)90358-2 · Cited by 105
Smoking, maternal age, and fetal growth.
Cnattingius, S., Axelssön, O., EKLUND, G. A., & Lindmark, G. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 88
The duration of maternal cigarette smoking, fetal and placental disorders
Naeye, R. L. (1979) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/0378-3782(79)90031-8 · Cited by 60

Show all 14 references

Sorted by citations

Items 101–172 of 172

Low Leptin Concentration in the First Gestational Trimester Is Associated with Being Born Small for Gestational Age: Prospective Study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Franco‐Sena, A. B., Goldani, M. Z., do Carmo, M. D. G. T., Velásquez-Meléndez, G., & Kac, G. (2009) · Neonatology · doi:10.1159/000255160 · Cited by 11
Addressing nicotine addiction in women Role of the midwife
Ward, S. (1999) · Journal of Nurse-Midwifery · doi:10.1016/s0091-2182(98)00075-5 · Cited by 10
SPASTIC QUADRIPLEGIA IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA. II: PEDIGRESS AND FAMILY PATTERNS OF BIRTHWEIGHT AND GESTATIONAL AGE
Petterson, B., Stanley, F. J., & Garner, B. J. (1993) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1993.tb11625.x · Cited by 11
Maternal Diseases Complicating Pregnancy: Diabetes, Tumors, Preeclampsia, Lupus Anticoagulant
Benirschke, K., & Kaufmann, P. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4196-4_19 · Cited by 11
Folgen von Alkohol und Rauchen in der Schwangerschaft
Thäle, V., & Schlitt, A. (2011) · Der Internist · doi:10.1007/s00108-011-2826-3 · Cited by 9
Factores de riesgo del parto pretérmino
Losa, E. M., González, E., & González, G. (2006) · Progresos de Obstetricia y Ginecología · doi:10.1157/13084343 · Cited by 9
Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Resnik, R. R., & Creasy, R. K. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4224-2.50037-5 · Cited by 9
The secretion of insulin-like growth factor I, prolactin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 by the decidua as predictors of human fetal growth
Heffner, L. J., Benoit, L. A., Clemmons, D. R., & Copeland, K. C. (1998) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/s1096-6374(98)80319-5 · Cited by 9
Genetic influences on smoking cessation and relapse in pregnant women
Triche, E. W., Hossain, N., & Paidas, M. J. (2008) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1080/01443610801912725 · Cited by 11
Maternal smoking induced cotinine levels and genotoxicity in second trimester amniotic fluid
Lähdetie, J., Engström, K., Husgafvel‐Pursiainen, K., Nylund, L., Vainio, H., & Sorsa, M. (1993) · Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/0165-1218(93)90137-3 · Cited by 9
Secretion of prostaglandins and endothelin-1 by decidual endothelial cells from normal and preeclamptic pregnancies: Comparison with human umbilical vein endothelial cells
Gallery, E. D. M., Rowe, J., Campbell, S., & Hawkins, T. (1995) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(95)90649-5 · Cited by 9
Smoking in pregnancy
Newnham, J. P. (1991) · Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review · doi:10.1017/s0965539500000504 · Cited by 9
Mutterschaft mit 40 − ovarielle Reserve und Risiken
Ritzinger, P. (2013) · Der Gynäkologe · doi:10.1007/s00129-012-3040-7 · Cited by 8
Guidelines for client selection in the home birth midwifery practice
Vedam, S. (1995) · Journal of Nurse-Midwifery · doi:10.1016/0091-2182(95)00055-0 · Cited by 8
Smoking in pregnancy
Gillies, P., & Wakefield, M. A. (1993) · Current Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/0957-5847(93)90008-d · Cited by 8
Pulmonary Consequences of Preterm Birth
Albertine, K. H., & Yoder, B. A. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-799941-8.00017-1 · Cited by 8
The effect of maternal exercise on umbilical artery velocimetry waveforms in intrauterine growth retardation
Rafla, N. M. (1999) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1080/01443619964229 · Cited by 7
Sociodemographic and clinical variables modifying the smoking‐related risk of low birth weight
Spinillo, A., Capuzzo, E., Iasci, A., Nicola, S., Piazzi, G., & Baltaro, F. (1995) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/0020-7292(95)80003-u · Cited by 7
No effect of maternal smoking in early pregnancy observed on chromosome aberrations in chorionic villus samples
Salonen, K., & Lähdetie, J. (1993) · Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/0165-1218(93)90008-2 · Cited by 7
Health and Time- A Problem of Discounting
Örtendahl, M. (1996) · Cited by 7
Rôle des facteurs non médicaux dans la santé périnatale. Étude des caractéristiques socioéconomiques et culturelles de la population accueillie à la maternité du centre hospitalier de Lens (Pas-de-Calais)
Klosowski, S., Morisot, C., Truffert, P., Levasseur, M., Thelliez, P., Dubos, J., Djebara, A., Boucly, B., Deroubaix, P., & Lequien, P. (2000) · Archives de Pédiatrie · doi:10.1016/s0929-693x(00)88829-6 · Cited by 6
In vitro human decidual endothelial cell thromboxane secretion in preeclampsia Is not abnormal
Gallery, E. D. M., Rowe, J., & Campbell, S. (1999) · Hypertension in Pregnancy · doi:10.3109/10641959909016195 · Cited by 5
Tracking Change in the Patterns of Parental Smoking
Stanton, W. R., & Silva, P. A. (1993) · Journal of the Royal Society of Health · doi:10.1177/146642409311300104 · Cited by 5
Environmental Contamination and Infertility
Gerhard, I., & Runnebaum, B. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60390-7_23 · Cited by 5
Unveiling Macrosomia Risks of Non-Diabetic Women: Insights from Second Trimester Maternal Lipid Profiles
Kanmaz, A. G., Alan, Y., Alan, M., & Töz, E. (2024) · Archives of Iranian Medicine · doi:10.34172/aim.31914 · Cited by 4
Pharmacological Treatment for Pregnant Women who Smoke Cigarettes
Chan, B., & Koren, G. (2003) · Tobacco Induced Diseases · doi:10.1186/1617-9625-1-3-165 · Cited by 3
Factores asociados con parto pretérmino en el tercer nivel de atención en salud en Manizales. Julio 2004 - Junio 2005
Jaramillo-Prado, J. J., López-Giraldo, I. R., & Arango, F. (2006) · Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología · doi:10.18597/rcog.505 · Cited by 4
The Effect of Air Pollution on Low Birth Weight: A Cohort Study
(2006) · The Internet Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.5580/2189 · Cited by 4
Perceptions and practices of smokeless tobacco use in the form of mishri among rural women above 10 years of age in Pune, Maharashtra, India
Kulkarni, P., Khedkar, D., Bhawalkar, J., & Kakrani, V. (2015) · International Journal of Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.4103/2230-8598.153831 · Cited by 3
Textbook of Neonatal Medicine: A Chinese Perspective
YU, V. Y. H., Feng, Z., Tsang, R. C., & Yeung, C. (1996) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 3
Maternal health practices and complications of term labor
MARSHALL, V. (1991) · Journal of Nurse-Midwifery · doi:10.1016/0091-2182(91)90003-8 · Cited by 3
The first injustice
Gisselmann, M. (2007) · Cited by 3
Pulmonary Consequences of Preterm Birth
Albertine, K. H., & Psysher, T. J. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012324751-3/50050-4 · Cited by 3
Maternal Diseases Complicating Pregnancy: Diabetes, Tumors, Preeclampsia, Lupus Anticoagulant
Benirschke, K., & Kaufmann, P. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4199-5_19 · Cited by 3
Determinants of Reproductive Mortality and Preterm Childbirth
McCoshen, J. A., Fernandes, P. A., Boroditsky, M. L., & Allardice, J. G. (1996) · Advances in organ biology · doi:10.1016/s1569-2590(08)60073-7 · Cited by 2
Quelles sont les conséquences du tabagisme sur la grossesse et l’accouchement ?
Habib, P. (2005) · Journal de gynécologie, obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction. Supplément/Journal de gynécologie obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction · doi:10.1016/s0368-2315(05)83009-1 · Cited by 2
Intrauterine Exposure to Maternal Diabetes and Childhood Obesity
Dabelea, D., & Sauder, K. A. (2017) · Contemporary Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68192-4_13 · Cited by 2
Fetal growth restriction: aetiology, screening, diagnosis and management
Augusthy, V. (2015) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20151259 · Cited by 2
The relationship between maternal skinfold thickness, smoking and birthweight in black and white women
Neggers, Y. H., Goldenberg, R. L., Cliver, S., Hoffman, H. J., & Copper, R. L. (1994) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1994.tb00452.x · Cited by 2
Sociodemographic and environmental risk factors of preterm delivery and small-for-gestational-age babies
Hanke, W., Kalinka, J., & Sobala, W. (1998) · Medical Science Monitor · Cited by 2
Effect of Nicotine Injection and its Stoppage on Reproduction in Female Rats
El-Meligy, M., Samaei, A. A., Abdel-Hady, R. H., & Eldien, H. M. S. (2010) · The Egyptian Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.21608/ejana.2010.3638 · Cited by 1
Taxing for healthier beginnings: The impact of a major tobacco tax hike on birth weight in Mexico
Beltran-Silva, F., & Aranda, R. (2025) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2025.101851 · Cited by 1
Maternal oxidative stress biomarkers across pregnancy in relation to fetal growth: evidence from the TIDES cohort
Baghsheikhi, H., Trasande, L., Manuel, R. S. J., Shahin, S., Cajachagua‐Torres, K. N., Duh‐Leong, C., Kannan, K., Barrett, E. S., Bush, N. R., Nguyen, R. H. N., et al. (2026) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwag077 · Cited by 1
First‐Trimester Crown‐Rump Length and Large for Gestational Age Newborns: What Correlation?
Rovetto, M. Y., Sarno, L., Iorio, G. G., Orlandi, G., Fulgione, C., Motta, M., Tramontano, A. L., Rizzo, G., Mappa, I., Guida, M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Ultrasound · doi:10.1002/jcu.70355 · Cited by 1
Prise en charge néonatale d’un enfant exposé in utero au tabac
Théret, B., Vaillant, C. L., & Coopman, S. (2005) · Journal de gynécologie, obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction. Supplément/Journal de gynécologie obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction · doi:10.1016/s0368-2315(05)82997-7 · Cited by 1
Women’s Health and Tobacco Usage in the World
Salepçi, B. M., & Özge, C. (2016) · Journal of Respiratory Research · doi:10.17554/j.issn.2412-2424.2016.02.11 · Cited by 1
Birthweight and Gestational Age in Relation to Prenatal Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure
Windham, G. C. (2000) · Informa Healthcare eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420042245.ch2 · Cited by 1
Factors associated with tobacco use among rural and urban pregnant women
Katirai, W. (2011) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)
Going Back: Regaining Solace, Sanity and Self. Women's Return to Smoking Postpartum
Goldsmith, M. M. (2003) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Factors associated with preterm deliveries in third-level health centres in Manizales from July 2004 to June 2005
Jaramillo-Prado, J. J., López-Giraldo, I. R., & Arango, F. (2006) · Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología
Relations entre Facteurs Socioéconomiques, Nutritionnels et Toxiques et Poids de Naissance dans la Ville de Lubumbashi. (Cas des Cliniques Universitaires, des Hôpitaux GCM/Sud et Sendwe)
Nzaji, M. K., Mukalay, A., Monga, B., Ilunga, B. K., & Numbi, O. L. (2014)
Risk management in obstetrics: how to reduce the risk?
Piras, B., Orrù, M., Corda, V., Maggio, F., Neri, M., Malune, M. E., Cornacchia, S., Zedda, P., Vallerino, V., D’Alterio, M. N., et al. (2015) · Journal of pediatric and neonatal individualized medicine · doi:10.7363/040229
Characteristics of black South African adult and adolescent women who gave premature birth to growth-restricted infants at Kalafong hospital, Gauteng
Gilfillan, M. (2006) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University)
The effects of maternal smoking on infant health
Woolbright, L. A. (1994) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/bf01074341
Folgen von Alkohol und Rauchen in der Schwangerschaft
Reincke, M. (2011)
Maternal nicotine exposure-induced collagen pulmonary changes in Balb/C mice offspring's
Nikravesh, M. R., Jalali, M., Moeen, A. A., Mohammadi, S., & Hasan, M. (2011)
MATERNAL RISK FACTORS - SELECTION OR RETARDATION OF FOETAL DEVELOPMENT?
Cieślik, K. (1997)
The comparison of Magnesium Sulfate and Ritodrine Hydrochloride for management of preterm labor
Soydinç, H. E. (2012) · Dicle Medical Journal / Dicle Tip Dergisi · doi:10.5798/diclemedj.0921.2012.02.0130
Smoking in Pregnancy
Brennan, B. G. (1997) · Journal SOGC · doi:10.1016/s0849-5831(16)30948-x
Erken doğum eyleminin tedavisinde Magnezyum Sülfat ve Ritodrin Hidroklorürün karşilaştirilmasi The comparison of Magnesium Sulfate and Ritodrine Hydrochloride for management of preterm labor
Soydinç, H. E. (2012)
PERINATAL MORTALITY: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND A LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Bourbina, J. J. (1995) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries)
Alkohol- og tobakksbruk under graviditet
Ihlen, B.-M., Amundsen, A., & Lindemann, R. (1993) · Nordisk Alkoholtisdkrift (Nordic Alcohol Studies) · doi:10.1177/145507259301000405
The Effects Of Smoking On Pregnant Women
Cohen, M. M. (2011) · Touro Scholar (Touro College)
Short- and Long-Term Growth as a Function of Abnormal Doppler Flow in Growth-Restricted Fetuses
Ross, J. W., Betz, A. M., Paglia, M. J., Feng, W., Neubert, A. G., & Mackeen, A. D. (2018) · Prenatal Cardiology · doi:10.1515/pcard-2018-0012
Essays in the Economics of Child Health and Skill Formation
Mason, G. (2019) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
The role and tasks of the midwife in the care of a patient during pregnancy complicated by intrauterine growth retardation
Stefaniak, M., & Dmoch–Gajzlerska, E. (2020) · Medycyna Ogólna i Nauki o Zdrowiu · doi:10.26444/monz/116050
"Well-Growness" of the Newborn and Factors Contributing to Low Birth Weight
Kruse, D. B. (1994) · doi:10.22371/07.1994.005
Gestational Diabetes
Dabelea, D. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-874-4_9
"Well-Growness" of the Newborn and Factors Contributing to Low Birth Weight
Kruse, D. B. (1994) · doi:10.22371/07.1994.05
Maternal Diseases Complicating Pregnancy: Diabetes, Tumors, Preeclampsia, Lupus Anticoagulant
(2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-26742-5_19
Umweltbelastungen und Infertilität
Gerhard, I., & Runnebaum, B. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-07633-0_7
An Evaluation of Prenatal Care Clinic Selection and the Association with Subsequent Process/Outcome Measures among Medicaid Beneficiaries
VanderWielen, L. M. (2014) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/r7hp-kv27

Authors: Wu Wen, S., Goldenberg, R. L., Cutter, G. R., Hoffman, H. J., Cliver, S. P., Davis, R. O., & DuBard, M. B.
Affiliations: University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Goldenberg, Robert L.
ORCID: Goldenberg, Robert L.
Cutter, Gary R.
Hoffman, Howard J.
Venue: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1990-01
Volume: 162
Issue: 1
Pages: 53-58
ISSN: 0002-9378 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(90)90819-s
OpenAlex: W1966106098
Cited by: 172
References: 14
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 11.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N01-HD-4-2811)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
Keywords: maternal smoking, maternal age, birth weight, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, gestational age, pregnancy outcomes
MeSH terms: Birth Weight, Female, Embryonic and Fetal Development, Fetal Growth Retardation, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Maternal Age, Pregnancy, Regression Analysis, Smoking, Pregnancy, High-Risk, Delivery, Obstetric

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Smoking, maternal age, fetal growth, and gestational age at delivery

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks