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Smoking, maternal age, fetal growth, and gestational age at delivery
Abstract
The relationship between smoking and maternal age and their combined effects on birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, and preterm delivery were studied. Smoking lowers birth weight both by decreasing fetal growth and by lowering gestational age at delivery. However, the effect of smoking on both fetal growth and gestational age is significantly greater as maternal age advances. In a multiple logistic regression model adjusting for race, parity, marital status, maternal weight, weight gain, and alcohol use, smoking was associated with a fivefold increased risk of growth retardation in women older than 35 but less than a twofold increased risk in women younger than 17. Smoking reduced birth weight by 134 gm in young women but 301 gm in women older than 35. Smoking in older women also was associated with more instances of preterm delivery and a lower mean gestational age when compared to women 25 or younger.
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“Birth weight is dependent upon numerous factors including gestational age at the time of delivery [1]; maternal characteristics [1–3]; and placental volume, vasculature and function [4].”
From Volume and vascularity: Using ultrasound to unlock the secrets of the first trimester placenta (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
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Knudsen, A. (1991) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/0028-2243(91)90103-r · Cited by 13
Lamminpää, R., Vehviläinen-Julkunen, K. M., Gissler, M., & Heinonen, S. T. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1179 · Cited by 13
Advanced maternal age and smoking: risk factors for admission to a neonatal intensive care unit
Yuksel, B., Greenough, A., Dobson, P., & Nicolaides, K. H. (1996) · Journal of Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jpme.1996.24.4.397 · Cited by 13
In the eye of the beholder: Processing body shape information in anorexic and bulimic patients
Freeman, R. J., Touyz, S. W., Sara, G. E., RENNIE, C. J., Gordon, E., & Beumont, P. J. V. (1991) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199111)10:6 · Cited by 57
Metadata
- Authors
- Wu Wen, S., Goldenberg, R. L., Cutter, G. R., Hoffman, H. J., Cliver, S. P., Davis, R. O., & DuBard, M. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goldenberg, Robert L.
- Venue
- American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1990-01
- Volume
- 162
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 53-58
- ISSN
- 0002-9378 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1966106098
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 11.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N01-HD-4-2811)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Keywords
- maternal smoking, maternal age, birth weight, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, gestational age, pregnancy outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Birth Weight, Female, Embryonic and Fetal Development, Fetal Growth Retardation, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Maternal Age, Pregnancy, Regression Analysis, Smoking, Pregnancy, High-Risk, Delivery, Obstetric
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