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Origins of childhood fears: An evaluation of Rachman's theory of fear acquisition
Abstract
This study explored Rachman's (1977) theory of fear acquisition in a large sample of Australian and American children and adolescents. Participants completed a questionnaire that addressed different pathways of fear acquisition for 10 highly prevalent fears. The majority of children attributed the onset of their fears to vicarious and instructional factors, although these indirect sources of fear were often combined with direct conditioning experiences. Also examined were effects for gender, age, and nationality. Boys and preadolescents were found to report more direct and vicarious experiences than girls or adolescents. Effects due to nationality were minimal. Methodological limitations attendant to self-reports were acknowledged.
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In the citing paper
“the majority of participants (89%), across the 10 fears, reported experiencing the information/instruction pathway, followed by the vicarious pathway (56%), while 36% reported experiencing a direct conditioning event.”
From Specific Phobia in Young Children: Associations between the Origins of Fear and Clinical Expression of Phobia Symptoms. (2025) · cites this paper as Ollendick & King, 1991
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, a portion of children who reported ' a lot ' of fear did not experience a direct conditioning event, or reported ' no fear ' after experiencing a direct conditioning event.”
From Specific Phobia in Young Children: Associations between the Origins of Fear and Clinical Expression of Phobia Symptoms. (2025) · cites this paper as Ollendick & King, 1991
In the citing paper
“Indeed, Ollendick & King (1991) found that those reporting ' a lot ' of fear were more likely to endorse a combination of pathways than those endorsing no fear.”
From Specific Phobia in Young Children: Associations between the Origins of Fear and Clinical Expression of Phobia Symptoms. (2025) · cites this paper as Ollendick & King, 1991
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“%) of intense childhood fears apparently comes from negative verbal information, either delivered from parents or from the media (Ollendick & King, 1991).”
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“…were formulated based on theory (Rachman, 1977) and previous retrospective research in phobias (e.g. King, Eleonora, & Ollendick, 1998; Merckelbach, de Jong, Muris, & van Den Hout, 1996; Merckelbach et al., 1989; Muris, 2007; Ollendick & King, 1991; Öst & Hugdahl, 1981; Krochmalik et al., 2007).”
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“There is evidence for each of these pathways (Askew & Field, 2007; Field & Lawson, 2003; Field, 2006; Lawson, Banerjee, & Field, 2007; Ollendick & King, 1991).”
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“Verbal threat information is implicated by anxious adults as a route through which their anxiety developed (see Ollendick and King, 1991 for a review).”
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“Findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that assessed origins and potential mechanisms underlying childhood anxiety suggest a role of parental verbal threat information (Fliek et al., 2017, 2019; Ollendick & King, 1991).”
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“…of conversations initiated by parents and children for snakes and spider compared to other animals. life come from threatening verbal information (Ollendick & King, 1991), there is no research on the availability of negative information about animals like snakes and spiders in everyday…”
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“…through three fear learning pathways: vicarious fear, negative information, and reinforcement or punishment (for a review, see Fisak & Grills-Taquechel, 2007; Ollendick & Muris, 2015; Ollendick & King, 1991; Muris & Field, 2010; Lebowitz et al., 2016; Aktar et al., 2017; Aktar & Pérez-Edgar, 2024).”
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“Other studies have suggested that these memory deficits are related to other things, such as comorbid depression (Mortiz et al., 2006) or organizational problems (Mataix-Cols et al., 2003; Penades et al., 2005).”
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“Further, the Pathways to Fear Survey is not a validated measure, despite similar measures being used in several other related research studies (e.g., Doogan & Thomas, 1992; King et al., 1997; Muris et al., 1997; Ollendick & King, 1991).”
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“%) of intense childhood fears reported in the United States and Australia comes from threatening verbal information (e.g., negative information from parents) or seeing something threatening through media [14].”
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Procedural and postoperative pain in paediatric dentistry
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The murder house case studies: an education in dental anxiety
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Sigström, R. (2015) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ollendick, T. H., & King, N. J.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Monash University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Ollendick, Thomas H.
- ORCID
- Ollendick, Thomas H.
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 117-123
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2066505366
- Cited by
- 220
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- children's fears, fear acquisition, observational learning, instructional learning, gender differences, age differences, nationality effects, children and adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Child, Child Development, Conditioning, Psychological, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Phobic Disorders, Retrospective Studies, Sex Factors, Chi-Square Distribution
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