Electroencephalographic sleep in clinically stable schizophrenic patients: Two-weeks versus six weeks neuroleptic-free
Abstract
EEG sleep studies in schizophrenic patients are influenced by alterations in clinical state and medication status. The current study defines longitudinal alterations in electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep for 10 healthy men who were schizophrenic patients who remained relatively clinically stable during a double-blind neuroleptic withdrawal study. Clinical assessments and EEG sleep studies were performed at baseline on haloperidol, and then at 2-week and 6-week drug-free periods. Sleep continuity and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep measures declined not only between the haloperidol baseline and 2-week drug-free conditions, but continued to decline from 2-week to 6-weeks neuroleptic-free. Alterations in EEG sleep from the 2-week to 6-week haloperidol-free assessments did not correlate with changes in clinical symptoms suggesting effects related to drug-withdrawal or subclinical state changes. These results show that despite relative clinical stability over time, the EEG sleep of schizophrenic patients continues to change following withdrawal of a neuroleptic and is dependent on the duration of the drug-free interval.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In one smaller study, sleep variables displayed no relationship with clinical symptoms.
“although in one smaller study sleep variables displayed no relationship with clinical symptoms (Nofzinger, van Kammen, Gilbertson, Gurklis, & Peters, 1993).”
From The role of sleep dysfunction in the occurrence of delusions and hallucinations: A systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as Nofzinger, van Kammen, Gilbertson, Gurklis, & Peters, 1993
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,842 · see citing works
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
&NA; (1988) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-198802020-00022 · Cited by 12,603 · see citing works
Rechtschaffen, A. (1968) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,772 · see citing works
(1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 8,899 · see citing works
Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms
Andreasen, N. C. (1982) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t12696-000 · Cited by 1,878 · see citing works
Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders: A Meta-analysis
Benca, R. M. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080059010 · Cited by 1,468 · see citing works
A manual of Standardized Terminology
Rechtschaffen, A. (1968) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Methods for Reliable Longitudinal Observation of Behavior
Bunney, W. E. (1963) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1963.01720150090010 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Comparative Doses and Costs of Antipsychotic Medication
Davis, J. M. (1976) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770070088010 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Electroencephalographic Sleep in Young, Never-Medicated Schizophrenics
Ganguli, R. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800130038006 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Tandon, R. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820030017003 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Abnormal Rapid Eye Movement Latencies in Schizophrenia
Zarcone, V. P. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800130047007 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Muscarinic cholinergic hyperactivity in schizophrenia
Tandon, R., Shipley, J. E., Greden, J. F., Mann, N. A., Eisner, W. H., & Goodson, J. A. (1991) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/0920-9964(91)90006-d · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Sleep Disturbance in Acute Schizophrenic Patients
Kupfer, D. J., Wyatt, R. J., Scott, J., & Snyder, F. R. (1970) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.126.9.1213 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Stage 4 Sleep in Schizophrenia
Feinberg, I. (1969) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1969.01740210006002 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Electroencephalographic sleep in schizophrenia: A critical review
Keshavan, M. S., Reynolds, C. F., & Kupfer, D. J. (1990) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(90)90052-t · Cited by 107 · see citing works
All-Night Sleep Studies of Acute Schizophrenics
Stern, M. J. (1969) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1969.01740160086012 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Neylan, T. C. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080051008 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
REM inhibitory effect of L-dopa infusion during human sleep
Gillin, J. C., Post, R. M., Wyatt, R. J., Goodwin, F. K., Snyder, F. R., & Bunney, W. E. (1973) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(73)90174-0 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Nofzinger, E. A., Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., & Kupfer, D. J. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationScopolamine-induced muscarinic supersensitivity in normal man: Changes in sleep
Sitaram, N., Moore, A. M., & Gillin, J. C. (1979) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(79)90022-2 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Chlorpromazine and Sleep in Psychiatric Patients
Kupfer, D. J. (1971) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750080089015 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
REM latency in depression: is there one best definition?
Reynolds, C. F., Taska, L. S., Jarrett, D. B., Coble, P. A., & Kupfer, D. J. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Effect of Prolonged Chlorpromazine Administration on the Sleep of Chronic Schizophrenics
Kaplan, J. (1974) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760130044007 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Persistence of Haloperidol in the Brain
Cohen, B. M. (1988) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800330113019 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
LONGITUDINAL STUDIES OF SLEEP AND DREAMING PATTERNS IN PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS
HARTMANN, E., Verdone, P., & SNYDER, F. (1966) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-196602000-00002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Sleep polygraphy in schizophrenia: Methodological issues
Thaker, G. K., Wagman, A. M. I., & Tamminga, C. A. (1990) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(90)90579-q · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Thaker, G. K., Wagman, A. M. I., Kirkpatrick, B. W., & Tamminga, C. A. (1989) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(89)90149-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Effects of Selected Phenothiazines on REM Sleep in Schizophrenics
Brannen, J. O. (1969) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1969.01740210028004 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Minute-by-minute analysis of REM sleep timing in major depression
Buysse, D. J., Jarrett, D. B., Miewald, J. M., Kupfer, D. J., & Greenhouse, J. B. (1990) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(90)90571-i · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Biphasic effects of pimozide on sleep-wakefulness in dogs
Wauquier, A., Broeck, W. A. E. V. D., & Janssen, P. A. J. (1980) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(80)90371-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Patterns in the Distribution of REM Sleep in Normal Human Sleep
Carman, G. J., Mealey, L., Thompson, S. T., & Thompson, M. A. (1984) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/7.4.347 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sleep Disturbances in Patients with Schizophrenia: Impact and Effect of Antipsychotics
Cohrs, S. (2008) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200822110-00004 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in schizophrenia
Wulff, K., Dijk, D.-J., Middleton, B., Foster, R. G., & Joyce, E. M. (2012) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096321 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
The role of sleep dysfunction in the occurrence of delusions and hallucinations: A systematic review
Reeve, S., Sheaves, B., & Freeman, D. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.09.001 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
“Y Nofzinger et al. (1993) 10 Male patients with schizophrenia Withdrawal of antipsychotic medication Positive symptoms BPRS (at 2 weeks and 6 weeks post withdrawal) Objective sleep PSG (3 nights at 2 weeks and 6 weeks post withdrawal) Changes in EEG sleep during withdrawal period did not correlate…”
BackgroundBarnes, N. M., Ahern, G. P., Bécamel, C., Bockaert, J., Camilleri, M., Chaumont‐Dubel, S., Claeysen, S., Cunningham, K. A., Fone, K. C. F., Gershon, M. D., et al. (2020) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.118.015552 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Sleep in schizophrenia patients and the effects of antipsychotic drugs.
Monti, J., & Monti, D. (2004) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1087-0792(02)00158-2 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Manoach, D. S., Pan, J. Q., Purcell, S., & Stickgold, R. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.003 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Sleep disturbance in mental health problems and neurodegenerative disease
Anderson, K. N., & Bradley (2013) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s34842 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Chan, M., Chung, K., Yung, K.-P., & Yeung, W. (2016) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.03.001 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Poulin, J., Daoust, A.-M., Forest, G., Stip, E., & Godbout, R. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00346-8 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Sleep and circadian rhythm dysregulation in schizophrenia
Monti, J. M., BaHammam, A. S., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Bromundt, V., Spence, D. W., Cardinali, D. P., & Brown, G. M. (2013) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.12.021 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Abnormal sleep spindles, memory consolidation, and schizophrenia
Manoach, D. S., & Stickgold, R. (2019) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095754 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Sleep in psychiatric disorders
Benca, R. M. (1996) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70283-8 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Sleep in Schizophrenia: Impairments, Correlates, and Treatment
Benson, K. L. (2006) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2006.08.002 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Sleep in schizophrenia: A polysomnographic study on drug-naive patients
Lauer, C. (1997) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(96)00159-5 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Does abnormal sleep impair memory consolidation in schizophrenia?
Manoach, D. S. (2009) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.09.021.2009 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Martin, J. L., Jeste, D. V., & Ancoli‐Israel, S. (2004) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.08.011 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Attention and non-REM sleep in neuroleptic-naive persons with schizophrenia and control participants
Forest, G., Poulin, J., Daoust, A.-M., Lussier, I., Stip, É., & Godbout, R. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.11.005 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
An integrative psychophysiological approach to brain hemisphere functions in schizophrenia
Rotenberg, V. S. (1994) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(94)90003-5 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Antipsychotic Withdrawal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Brandt, L., Bschor, T., Henssler, J. F., Müller, M., Hasan, A., Heinz, A., & Gutwinski, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.569912 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Waters, F., Sinclair, C., Rock, D., Jablensky, A., Foster, R. G., & Wulff, K. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.01.006 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
BPRS symptom factors and sleep variables in schizophrenia
Zarcone, V. P., & Benson, K. L. (1997) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(96)02857-0 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Poulin, J., Chouinard, S., Pampoulova, T., Lecomte, Y., Stip, É., & Godbout, R. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.08.009 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Circadian Clocks in the Regulation of Neurotransmitter Systems
Kiehn, J., Faltraco, F., Palm, D., Thome, J., & Oster, H. (2019) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/a-1027-7055 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Benson, K. L. (2008) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2008.01.001 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
REM sleep EEG spectral analysis in patients with first-episode schizophrenia
Poulin, J., Stip, É., & Godbout, R. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.01.003 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Spared and impaired sleep-dependent memory consolidation in schizophrenia
Baran, B., Correll, D., Vuper, T. C., Morgan, A., Durrant, S. J., Manoach, D. S., & Stickgold, R. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.04.019 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Search Activity Concept: Relationship between Behavior, Health and Brain Functions
Rotenberg, V. S. (2009) · Activitas Nervosa Superior · doi:10.1007/bf03379921 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Zunzunegui, M. V., Cuadra, P. G., B�land, F., del Ser, T., & Wolfson, C. M. (2000) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(200002)15:2 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Sleep in Psychiatric Disorders
Franzen, P. L., & Buysse, D. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6_46 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Alcohol, toxins, and medications as a cause of sleep dysfunction
Conroy, D. A., & Brower, K. J. (2010) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52006-7.00038-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The effect of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on sleep of schizophrenic patients
Winokur, A., & Kamath, J. (2008) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-8561-3_24 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Sleep in Psychiatric Disorders
Franzen, P. L., & Buysse, D. J. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7506-7584-0.00032-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Salomon, C., & Hamilton, B. E. (2012) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0349.2012.00889.x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The ultimate resignation: suicide and search activity
Weinberg, I. (2000) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00026-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Arai, Y., Sasayama, D., Kuraishi, K., Murata, S., Usuda, N., Tsuchida, M., Nakajima, Y., & Washizuka, S. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology Reports · doi:10.1002/npr2.12317 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Deurveilher, S., Ko, K. R., Saumure, B. S. C., Robertson, G. S., Rusak, B., & Semba, K. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa237 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sleep quality in schizophrenia and the effects of atypical antipsychotic medication
Haffmans, P. M. J., Oolders, H., Hoencamp, E., & Schreiner, A. (2004) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.0924-2708.2004.00103.x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sleep: A royal road to pathophysiology
Gillin, J. C. (1994) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(94)00024-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
REM sleep in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Morra, D., & Barbato, G. (2025) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102134 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Benson, K. L., & Feinberg, I. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00139-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chapter 26 Psychiatric insomnias
Nofzinger, E. A. (2005) · Handbook of clinical neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1567-4231(09)70051-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep alterations in schizophrenia
Keshavan, M. S. (2007) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9780203089897-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Role of 5-HT2A/2C Receptors in Sleep and Waking
Monti, J. M., & Jantos, H. (2010) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-941-3_20 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Schizophrenia and Its Associated Sleep Disorders
Benson, K. L. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1703-7.10057-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Benson, K. L., & Feinberg, I. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6645-3.00131-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Schizophrenia, Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders, and Sleep
Manoach, D. S., Shinn, A. K., & Stickgold, R. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-378610-4.00478-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
PSICOPATOLOGÍA Y SUEÑO. I. ESQUIZOFRENIA
Navarro, J. F., & Dávila, G. (1998) · Psicología conductual = behavioral psychology: Revista internacional de psicología clínica y de la salud · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lauer, C. J., Schreiber, W., Pollmächer, T., & Krieg, J. C. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6889-9_69 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Der Einfluss von Ziprasidon auf den Schlaf und die Kortisolexkretion
Neumann, A.-C. H. (2007) · doi:10.53846/goediss-699
Sleep and Antipsychotic Drugs in Schizophrenia Patients
Monti, J., & Monti, D. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-27682-3_32 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Benson, K. L., & Zarcone, V. P. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-72-160797-7/50120-8
Schizofreniespectrum- en andere psychotische stoornissen
van Deth, R. (2017) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-1045-6_2
Schizofreniespectrum- en andere psychotische stoornissen
Peters, A., Brakema, L., van de Hoeve, M., Spoelstra, K., & Knegtering, H. (2020) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2524-5_10
Schizophrenia, other neuropsychiatric disorders and sleep
Manoach, D. S., Larson, O., & Stickgold, R. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822963-7.00059-1
Strawn, J. R., & Stahl, S. M. (2026) · doi:10.1017/9781009642187.047
Strawn, J. R., & Stahl, S. M. (2026) · doi:10.1017/9781009642187.018
Strawn, J. R., & Stahl, S. M. (2026) · doi:10.1017/9781009642187.013
Strawn, J. R., & Stahl, S. M. (2026) · doi:10.1017/9781009642187.043
Strawn, J. R., & Stahl, S. M. (2026) · doi:10.1017/9781009642187.053
El sueño en los trastornos psiquiátricos
Franzen, P. L., & Buysse, D. J. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-84-8086-733-7.00032-2
- Authors
- Nofzinger, E. A., van Kammen, D. P., Gilbertson, M. W., Gurklis, J. A., & Peters, J. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nofzinger, Eric A.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1993-06
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 11-12
- Pages
- 829-835
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2039465869
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH-44841, MH16804, T32MH016804)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, sleep EEG, neuroleptic withdrawal, haloperidol, drug-free interval, REM sleep, sleep continuity, longitudinal EEG changes, clinical stability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Double-Blind Method, Electroencephalography, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reaction Time, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Sleep, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Time Factors, Antipsychotic Agents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
