The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Baseline and fear-potentiated startle in panic disorder patients
Abstract
The present study investigated whether patients with panic disorder had an increase in the startle response and whether this effect, if present, was specific to anticipatory anxiety. The eyeblink component of the acoustic startle reflex was measured in a paradigm involving the anticipation of electric shocks (fear-potentiated startle) in 34 patients with panic disorder and 49 healthy controls. Startle was also recorded in the absence of specific threat at the beginning and at the end of the testing. The testing consisted of three phases: adaptation, fear-potentiated startle, and recovery. In the adaptation and recovery phases, startle stimuli were delivered in the absence of threat. In the fear-potentiated startle phase, startle stimuli were delivered in threat conditions, when subjects anticipated shocks, and in safe conditions that predicted the absence of shocks. Startle was larger in the younger patients (age or = 39 years old), compared to the older controls. The results are discussed in terms of the contextual effects of the experimental setting.
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“startle is exaggerated in panic disorder when tested in a threatening context (Grillon et al, 1994a), but not at baseline without obvious stressors (Amrhein et al, 2005; Ludewig et al, 2002; McTeague et al, 2009).”
From Phasic vs Sustained Fear in Rats and Humans: Role of the Extended Amygdala in Fear vs Anxiety (2010) · cites this paper as Grillon et al, 1994a
In the citing paper
“In panic disorder, enhanced startle is associated with diffuse distal threat but not proximal threat (Grillon et al, 1994a).”
From Phasic vs Sustained Fear in Rats and Humans: Role of the Extended Amygdala in Fear vs Anxiety (2010) · cites this paper as Grillon et al, 1994a
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Faculty Opinions recommendation of A key role for orexin in panic anxiety.
von Geldern, T. W. (2010) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.2365956.1994054
Larson, C., Baskin-sommers, A. R., Stout, D. M., Balderston, N. L., Curtin, J. J., Schultz, D. H., Kiehl, K. A., & Newman, J. P. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/tqj2w
(2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008044032-3/50010-1
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Granata, L. E. (2023) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20487635
Arch, J. J., Kirk, A., & Craske, M. G. (2017) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1002/9781394258949.ch3
Jayakumar, S., Ferry, R. A., Harrison, T. J., Nelson, B. D., & Klein, D. N. (2024) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2024.112490
Park, H. J., & MacNamara, A. (2025) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70083
CACNA1C is associated with auditory related fear enhancement in single prolonged stress male rats
Ding, J., Xinzhao, C., Ye, X., Shi, Y., & Xiao, B. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120653
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Jansen, A. (2015) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Dobner, T., Müller, J. C., Biedermann, D., Fuß, J., & Biedermann, S. V. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.04.034
Metadata
- Authors
- Grillon, C., Ameli, R., Goddard, A., Woods, S. W., & Davis, M.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Connecticut Mental Health Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Grillon, Christian
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1994-04
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 431-439
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2030392869
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 6.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r29mh050720-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH 1 R29 MH50720, NIMH MH-47840, 2-PO1-MH25642, P01MH025642)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- panic disorder, fear-potentiated startle, acoustic startle response, anticipatory anxiety, eyeblink response, age differences, contextual effects, threat anticipation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Blinking, Electromyography, Fear, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reflex, Startle, Panic Disorder
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