Compound action potential of nerve recorded by suction electrode: a theoretical and experimental analysis
Open accessAbstract
Suction electrodes are widely used for recording compound action potentials (CAPs) from peripheral nerves or central tracts. Unfortunately, the recordings obtained with suction electrodes often vary over time, making quantitative measurement of CAP amplitude difficult. We developed an equivalent electrical model which predicts that the magnitude of a recorded potential will be linearly related to the resistance of the electrode with a nerve inserted. Mathematical procedures were developed that allow correction of virtually all variability inherent in this type of recording; this variability may arise from resistance drift, variable stimulus artifact, or potentials generated as a result of the current of injury. The validity of the theoretical analysis was confirmed experimentally using rat optic nerves. The magnitude of the CAP and electrode resistance varied spontaneously by as much as 100% over time, due to changes in electrode resistance and size of the stimulus artifact. Because the CAP was linearly related to resistance, it was therefore best quantified by the slope computed from this relationship. The stimulus artifact, unlike the CAP itself, was shown to be independent of recording electrode resistance and therefore only resulted in a variable offset to the area vs resistance linear relationship; the slope of this relationship was unaffected. In the absence of stimulation, a steady negative DC potential was recorded from the optic nerve, which was greatest immediately after dissection, and was also a linear function of electrode resistance. In contrast to CAP amplitude, the latencies of the component peaks within the CAP were not significantly altered by changes in electrode resistance. The experimental results confirmed the validity of the electrical model and demonstrated that suction electrodes can be a very reliable and quantitative recording method if the signals are properly corrected.
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Compound action potential area is proportional to the total number of excited axons.
“CAP area is proportional to the total number of excited axons (Stys et al., 1991).”
From Oligodendroglial NMDA receptors regulate glucose import and axonal energy metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as Stys et al., 1991
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Development of a PET radioligand for potassium channels to image CNS demyelination
Brugarolas, P., Sánchez‐Rodríguez, J. E., Tsai, H., Basuli, F., Cheng, S., Zhang, X., Caprariello, A. V., Lacroix, J. J., Freifelder, R. H., Murali, D., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18747-3 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Devaux, J. J., Gola, M., Jacquet, G., & Crest, M. (2002) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00646.2001 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Aberrant Chloride Transport Contributes to Anoxic/Ischemic White Matter Injury
Malek, S. A., Coderre, E., & Stys, P. K. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-09-03826.2003 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Ischemic Preconditioning in White Matter: Magnitude and Mechanism
Hamner, M. A., Ye, Z., Lee, R. V., Colman, J. R., Le, T. H., Gong, D. C., Ransom, B. R., & Weinstein, J. R. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2544-15.2015 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Axon Function Persists during Anoxia in Mammalian White Matter
Tekkök, S. B., Brown, A. M., & Ransom, B. R. (2003) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/01.wcb.0000091763.61714.b7 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Remyelination protects neurons from DLK-mediated neurodegeneration
Duncan, G. J., Ingram, S. D., Emberley, K., Hill, J. E., Cordano, C., Abdelhak, A., McCane, M., Jenks, J. E., Jabassini, N., Ananth, K., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-53429-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Papaefthimiou, C., Cabral, M. G., Mixailidou, C., Viegas, C. A., Sá‐Correia, I., & Theophilidis, G. (2004) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1897/03-48 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Matsuka, Y., & Spigelman, I. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00689.2003 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Histone deacetylase inhibitors preserve function in aging axons
Baltan, S. (2012) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07949.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Stys, P. K., Waxman, S. G., & Ransom, B. R. (1991) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb17321.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Zenker, J., Poirot, O., Charles, A.-S. D. P., Arnaud, E., Médard, J., Lacroix, C., Küntzer, T., & Chrast, R. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0719-12.2012 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF THE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-β2 GENE IN GLIOBLASTOMA CELLS
Kingsley-Kallesen, M. L., Luster, T. A., & Rizzino, A. (2001) · In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal · doi:10.1290/1071-2690(2001)037 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Mackert, B., Wübbeler, G., Burghoff, M., Marx, P., Trahms, L., & Curio, G. (1999) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00657-6 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Effects of Temperature on Evoked Electrical Activity and Anoxic Injury in CNS White Matter
Stys, P. K., Waxman, S. G., & Ransom, B. R. (1992) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1992.135 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Trevisiol, A., Kusch, K., Steyer, A. M., Gregor, I., Nardis, C., Winkler, U., Köhler, S., Restrepo, A., Möbius, W., Werner, H. B., et al. (2020) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000943 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Powell, C. L., Davidson, A. R., & Brown, A. M. (2020) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios10110183 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
HSV-1-mediated NGF delivery delays nociceptive deficits in a genetic model of diabetic neuropathy
Walwyn, W. M., Matsuka, Y., Arai, D., Bloom, D. C., Lam, H., Tran, C., Spigelman, I., & Maidment, N. T. (2006) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.12.006 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Jiang, Q., & Stys, P. K. (2000) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0742101.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Brown, A. M. (2006) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2006.01.007 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Protective Effects of Antiarrhythmic Agents against Anoxic Injury in CNS White Matter
Stys, P. K. (1995) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1995.53 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Anaerobic Function of CNS White Matter Declines with Age
Hamner, M. A., Möller, T., & Ransom, B. R. (2010) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2010.216 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Glycogen function in adult central and peripheral nerves
Evans, R. D., Brown, A. M., & Ransom, B. R. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23229 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Fructose Supports Energy Metabolism of Some, But Not All, Axons in Adult Mouse Optic Nerve
Allen, L. M., Anderson, S., Wender, R., Meakin, P. J., Ransom, B. R., Ray, D. E., & Brown, A. M. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00637.2005 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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Protonic conductor: better understanding neural resting and action potential
Lee, J. W. (2020) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00281.2020 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Novel hypoglycemic injury mechanism: N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor–mediated white matter damage
Yang, X., Hamner, M. A., Brown, A. M., Evans, R. D., Ye, Z., Chen, S., & Ransom, B. R. (2013) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24050 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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The pentapeptide QYNAD does not block voltage-gated sodium channels
Cummins, T., Renganathan, M., Stys, P. K., Herzog, R. I., Scarfo, K. A., Horn, R., Dib‐Hajj, S. D., & Waxman, S. G. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000042423.36650.bd · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Dalkılıç, N., & Pehlivan, F. (2002) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207450290025923 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Li, L., Velumian, A. A., Samoilova, M., & Fehlings, M. G. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165637 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Fructose Metabolism in the Adult Mouse Optic Nerve, A Central White Matter Tract
Meakin, P. J., Fowler, M. J., Rathbone, A., Allen, L. M., Ransom, B. R., Ray, D. E., & Brown, A. M. (2006) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600322 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Expression and functional role of BK channels in chronically injured spinal cord white matter
Ye, H., Buttigieg, J. A., Wan, Y., Wang, J., Figley, S. A., & Fehlings, M. G. (2012) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2012.04.006 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
TRPV1 Tunes Optic Nerve Axon Excitability in Glaucoma
McGrady, N. R., Risner, M. L., Vest, V. D., & Calkins, D. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00249 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Anoxia Effects on CNS Function and Survival: Regional Differences
Tekkök, S. B., & Ransom, B. R. (2004) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-004-6890-0 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Yang, Q., Liu, S., Li, Q., Wu, L., Zhou, B., Wang, Z., Huang, Z., Yang, H., & Wang, M. (2024) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d4ta01328j · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Developmental impairment of compound action potential in the optic nerve of myelin mutant taiep rats
Roncagliolo, M., Carol Schlageter, T., León, C., Couve, E., Bonansco, C., & Eguibar, J. R. (2005) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.10.010 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stys, P. K., Ransom, B. R., & Waxman, S. G.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stys, Peter K.
- Venue
- Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1991-04
- Volume
- 546
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 18-32
- ISSN
- 0006-8993 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2001522791
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- Multiple Sclerosis Society
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Undergraduate Neuroscience Education and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Intraoperative Neuromonitoring and Anesthetic Effects
- Keywords
- compound action potential, suction electrodes, neural recording, electrode resistance, equivalent circuit model, stimulus artifact, optic nerve, injury current, action potential amplitude, action potential latency
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Evoked Potentials, Membrane Potentials, Models, Biological, Neurons, Optic Nerve, Regression Analysis, Rats
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