The effect of oral contraceptives on plasma-free and salivary cortisol and cortisone

Meulenberg, P.M.M.; Ross, H.A.; Swinkels, L.M.J.W.; Benraad, T.J.

doi:10.1016/0009-8981(87)90183-5

Cited by 125Adrenal Hormones and DisordersEstrogen and related hormone effectsStress Responses and Cortisol

The effect of oral contraceptives on plasma-free and salivary cortisol and cortisone

Meulenberg, P.M.M., Ross, H.A., Swinkels, L.M.J.W., Benraad, T.J.·1987·Clinica Chimica Acta

DOI 10.1016/0009-8981(87)90183-5

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Abstract

The effect of a low estrogen oral contraceptive (OC) on glucocorticoid levels in plasma and saliva as well as glucocorticoid binding was studied in 23 healthy women using 30 micrograms ethinyl estradiol (EE2) + 150 micrograms desogestrel (Marvelon) (II). Fifteen healthy females with normal menses served as controls (I). Blood and salivary samples were taken between 9.00 and 9.30 a.m. on the 18th day of menstrual or pill cycle. Assay accuracy had been optimised by applying extraction and chromatographic purification before radioimmunoassay (RIA) of cortisol and cortisone in both plasma and salivary samples. Free steroid assays were performed by applying the same procedure to equilibrium dialysates obtained after dialysing plasma against an equal volume of buffer, instead of measuring tracer distribution. Corticosteroid Binding Globulin (CBG) was measured by a commercial RIA. As expected, CBG as well as plasma total cortisol were elevated in the pill group. Interestingly both plasma free and salivary cortisol were higher than in controls (free cortisol I: 18.0 +/- 7.95 nmol/l; II: 32.3 +/- 9.03 nmol/l; salivary cortisol I: 9.2 +/- 3.88 nmol/l; II: 18.8 +/- 6.92 nmol/l. Salivary cortisol closely parallelled plasma free cortisol both within and between the groups, though at a much lower level (about 50%). Free cortisone was slightly lower in the pill group (I: 10.8 +/- 2.55 nmol/l; II 8.5 +/- 1.86 nmol/l) whereas salivary cortisone was 2.3 (I) and 4.4 (II) times higher than plasma free cortisone and tended to follow the plasma free and salivary cortisol pattern, both within and between the study groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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An increased amount of corticosteroid-binding globulin entails a risk for misleadingly normal total plasma cortisol levels.
“However, an increased amount of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) entails a risk for misleadingly normal total plasma cortisol levels as more CBG-bound cortisol will be measured, even though cortisol release and free, biologically active cortisol levels may be low (5-9).”
From Salivary Cortisol and Cortisone Can Circumvent Confounding Effects of Oral Contraceptives in the Short Synacthen Test (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
Salivary cortisol has been shown to be less affected by CBG alterations than plasma cortisol.
“Analysis of salivary cortisol has been proposed as an alternative to analyzing plasma free cortisol and has been shown to be less affected by CBG alterations (9, 14, 20-25).”
From Salivary Cortisol and Cortisone Can Circumvent Confounding Effects of Oral Contraceptives in the Short Synacthen Test (2024) · cites this paper as [9]

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“However, an increased amount of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) entails a risk for misleadingly normal total plasma cortisol levels as more CBG-bound cortisol will be measured, even though cortisol release and free, biologically active cortisol levels may be low (5-9).”
BackgroundMethod
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Self-citation
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Comparison of Total and Salivary Cortisol in a Low-Dose ACTH (Synacthen) Test: Influence of Three-Month Oral Contraceptives Administration to Healthy Women
Šimůnková, K., Stárka, L., Hill, M., Kříž, L., Hampl, R., & Vondra, K. (2008) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.931505 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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Self-citation
SAT299 Comparison Of Plasma Cortisol-, Salivary Cortisol- And Salivary Cortisone-response To The Short Synacthen Test In Women Using Oral Contraceptives
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THE EFFECT OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES ON PLASMA CORTISOL AND CORTISOL BINDING CAPACITY THROUGHOUT THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN NORMAL WOMEN
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Corticosteroids in plasma and saliva : the influence of oral contraceptive use and pregnancy
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Authors: Meulenberg, P. M. M., Ross, H. A., Swinkels, L. M. J. W., & Benraad, T. J.
Affiliations: Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
Corresponding author: Meulenberg, P.M.M.
Venue: Clinica Chimica Acta
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1987-06
Volume: 165
Issue: 2-3
Pages: 379-385
ISSN: 0009-8981 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(87)90183-5
OpenAlex: W1987525998
Cited by: 125
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 1.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Clinica Chimica Acta (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: oral contraceptives, ethinyl estradiol, desogestrel, Marvelon, free cortisol, salivary cortisol, plasma cortisol, corticosteroid-binding globulin, glucocorticoid binding, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, menstrual cycle, women
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Carrier Proteins, Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal, Corticosterone, Cortisone, Dialysis, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Middle Aged, Radioimmunoassay, Saliva

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The effect of oral contraceptives on plasma-free and salivary cortisol and cortisone

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