Loneliness and cortisol: Momentary, day-to-day, and trait associations

Doane, Leah D.; Adam, Emma K.

doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.08.005

Cited by 342Stress Responses and CortisolHealth disparities and outcomesNeuroendocrine regulation and behavior

Loneliness and cortisol: Momentary, day-to-day, and trait associations

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Doane, Leah D., Adam, Emma K.·2010·Psychoneuroendocrinology

DOI 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.08.005PMC PMC2841363

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Abstract

In attempts to understand the social determinants of health, strong associations have been found between measures of loneliness, physiological stress processes, and physical and mental health outcomes. Feelings of loneliness are hypothesized to have implications for physiological stress processes, including activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In a community sample of young adults, multilevel modeling was used to examine whether trait and state feelings of loneliness were related to changes in levels of the stress-sensitive hormone cortisol, and whether the associations between loneliness and cortisol were mediated or moderated by the presence of concurrent depression or high levels of chronic life stress. Results indicated that trait loneliness was associated with a flattening of the diurnal cortisol rhythm. In addition, both daily and momentary state variations in loneliness were related to cortisol. Prior day feelings of loneliness were associated with an increased cortisol awakening response the next morning and momentary experiences of loneliness during the day were associated with momentary increases in cortisol among youth who also had high chronic interpersonal stress. Results were significant after covarying current depression, both chronic and momentary reports of stress, and medical and lifestyle covariates. This study expanded on prior work by investigating and revealing three different time courses of association between loneliness and HPA axis activity in young adults: trait, daily and momentary.

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Loneliness affects youth's diurnal cortisol, potentially causing chronic increases in cortisol in young adulthood, leading to higher risks of depression, anxiety, inflammation, and other adverse health outcomes.
“Loneliness affects youth’s diurnal cortisol, a key stress hormone [83, 84], potentially causing chronic increases in cortisol in young adulthood, leading to higher risks of depression, anxiety, inflammation, and other adverse health outcomes [85–87].”
From The prospective association of adolescent loneliness and low resilience with anxiety and depression in young adulthood: The HUNT study (2025) · cites this paper as [84]
Perceived support and loneliness have been linked to differences in basal cortisol, which affects immune, metabolic, and cardiovascular outcomes relevant to ADRD risk in older adults.
“For example, perceived social support and loneliness have been associated with variation in basal cortisol, which influences immune system, metabolic, and cardiovascular outcomes implicated in ADRD risk in older adults.39,40”
From Why the cognitive ‘fountain of youth’ may be upstream: pathways to dementia risk and resilience through social connectedness (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
High self-reported loneliness in humans is associated with elevated daily cortisol output and a flatter diurnal cortisol rhythm, suggesting poor HPA regulation.
“high self-reported loneliness in humans has been associated with elevated daily cortisol output62–66 and a flattening of diurnal cortisol rhythm65, suggesting poor regulation of the HPA axis67.”
From Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis (2019) · cites this paper as [65]

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Authors: Doane, L. D., & Adam, E. K.
Affiliations: Northwestern University (US)
Corresponding author: Doane, Leah D.
ORCID: Doane, Leah D.
Adam, Emma K.
Venue: Psychoneuroendocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-04
Volume: 35
Issue: 3
Pages: 430-441
ISSN: 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.08.005
PMC: PMC2841363
OpenAlex: W2092784420
Semantic Scholar: 525cf6bb865f3c34da9f7be891d327a725bfca7d
Cited by: 342
References: 64
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 4.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Northwestern University
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH065652, R01 MH65652)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Keywords: loneliness, cortisol, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, diurnal cortisol rhythm, cortisol awakening response, interpersonal stress, depression, trait loneliness, state loneliness, young adults, social determinants of health, physiological stress
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Interpersonal Relations, Loneliness, Male, Medical Records, Periodicity, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, Young Adult

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Loneliness and cortisol: Momentary, day-to-day, and trait associations

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