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The dilution effect: Nondiagnostic information weakens the implications of diagnostic information
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“When individuals make judgments, the dilution effect occurs when people fail to use diagnostic information in the presence of nondiagnostic information (Nisbett et al., 1981).”
From Setting the future of digital and social media marketing research: Perspectives and research propositions (2021) · cites this paper as Nisbett et al., 1981
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“Indeed, repetition of less diagnostic information can dilute the impact of diagnostic information (Nisbett, Zukier, and Lemley 1981; Waller and Zimbelman 2003).”
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“Yet, both Nisbett et al. (1981) and Peters and Rothbart (2000) presume that research participants spontaneously use all information provided to them.”
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“McMurray & Aslin, 2004; Kovács & Mehler), we designed a task to test a perceptual analogue of the dilution effect (Nisbett et al., 1981).”
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“This also implies that we found no evidence of a dilution effect (Nisbett et al., 1981; also see De Vries, Terwel, & Ellemers, 2014; Meyvis & Janiszewski, 2002).”
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“…who have incorporated nondiagnostic information in their experimental manipulations have controlled for diagnosticity by asking pretest subjects to categorize the information according to its diagnostic value (e.g., Krueger & Rothbart, 1988; Locksley, Hepburn, & Ortiz, 1982; Nisbett et al., 1981).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNondiagnosticity and Typicality Effects in Prediction
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“Research has revealed dilution in relation to the effects of stereotypical information on impression formation (Nisbett et al., 1981; Tetlock & Boettger, 1989) and the effects of auditing cues on financial evaluations (Ettenson, Shanteau, & Krogstad, 1987).”
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“Nisbett et al. (1981) and Beckett and Park (1995) argue that the dominance of individuating information over stereotypes is only evident when considering weak stereotypes or when the individuating information was made salient and the stereotypes were not made salient.”
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“The dilution effect referring to irrelevant information could weaken the effect on individual stereotypes [15].”
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“If this indeed were the explanation, our effect would be considered merely a replication of the value dilution effect reported by several researchers (Anderson 1981; Hsee 1998; Nisbett, Zukier, and Lemley 1981).”
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“Consistent with prior research (Nisbett et al., 1981; Zukier, 1982), participants were strongly affected by the valence of diagnostic information, and this impact was diluted by the presentation of additional, nondiagnostic information.”
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“…explicitly examine how information that is specifically chosen to be irrelevant and nondiagnostic to the judgment at hand affects evaluations (e.g., Nisbett et al. 1981; Meyvis and Janiszewski 2002; Tetlock et al. 1996)—for instance does learning about a student’s favorite color, information that…”
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“An alternative possibility, using the information-load (Jacoby, Speller and Berning 1974; Jacoby, Speller and Kohn 1974; Keller and Staelin 1987 ;M alhotra et al.1982; Muller 1984 ;S cammon1977), and the dilution effect literature (De Dreu et al. 1995; Fein and Hilton 1992; Nisbett et al. 1981 ), suggests that increas…”
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“Scholars have identified a “dilution effect”, by which information about particular individuals serves to reduce the impact of prejudice against groups of which those individuals might be members (Nisbett et al. 1981; Hilton and Fein 1989; Fein and Hilton 1992).”
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“Second, research on the effects of nondiagnostic information on the extremity of judgments shows that additional information reduces the extremity of interpersonal judgments ( Nisbett, Zukier, & Lemley, 1981 ).”
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“Related research and hypothesis development Research in psychology and behavioral economics demonstrates that uninformative content affects decisions (DellaVigna and Gentzkow 2010; Gilbert et al. 1993; Nisbett et al. 1981).”
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“An enormous body of studies exists scrutinizing the formation of stereotypes and the conditions under which they can be changed (e.g., Heilman, 1984; Locksley et al., 1980; Nisbett et al., 1981; Wyer, 2013).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Nisbett, R. E., Zukier, H., & Lemley, R. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- The New School (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nisbett, Richard E.
- Venue
- Cognitive Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1981-04
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 248-277
- ISSN
- 0010-0285 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2171421397
- Cited by
- 605
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 26.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Cognitive Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
- Keywords
- dilution effect, diagnostic information, prediction, similarity judgments, stereotypes, individuating information
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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