Cited by 605Social and Intergroup PsychologyDecision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsCategorization, perception, and language

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The dilution effect: Nondiagnostic information weakens the implications of diagnostic information

Open access

Nisbett, Richard E., Zukier, Henry, Lemley, Ronald E.·1981·Cognitive Psychology

DOI 10.1016/0010-0285(81)90010-4

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/0010-0285(81)90010-4

Cites

13 of 13 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates.
Pfautz, H. W., & Goffman, E. (1962) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2090043 · Cited by 8,308
Features of similarity.
Tversky, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.4.327 · Cited by 7,414
On the psychology of prediction.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0034747 · Cited by 6,202
Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness
Kahneman, D. J., & Tversky, A. (1972) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3 · Cited by 4,996
Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment.
Cherniak, C., Nisbett, R. E., & Ross, L. D. (1983) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2184495 · Cited by 4,196
Self-citation
Eichmann in Jerusalem. A Report on the Banality of Evil
J., D., & Arendt, H. (1965) · Revue Française de Sociologie · doi:10.2307/3319667 · Cited by 3,626
Book Review Nisbett, R. , & Ross, L.Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment.Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1980.
Miller, G. A., & Cantor, N. E. (1982) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1982.1.1.83 · Cited by 2,862
Linear models in decision making.
Dawes, R. M., & Corrigan, B. (1974) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0037613 · Cited by 1,887
Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil, by Hannah Arendt
Burin, F. S. (1964) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2146583 · Cited by 1,651
Attribution and the psychology of prediction.
Nisbett, R. E., & Borgida, E. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.5.932 · Cited by 645
Self-citation

Show all 16 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Cantor, 1979, Categorization processes in the perception of people, Vol. 12

Sorted by citations

Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate?
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00003435 · Cited by 4,481
Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1983) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.90.4.293 · Cited by 3,991
Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment
Bottom, W. P., Gilovich, T. D., Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. J. (2004) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/20159081 · Cited by 3,583
A Continuum of Impression Formation, from Category-Based to Individuating Processes: Influences of Information and Motivation on Attention and Interpretation
Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60317-2 · Cited by 3,367
Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives.
Kahneman, D. J., & Miller, D. T. (1986) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.93.2.136 · Cited by 3,247
Setting the future of digital and social media marketing research: Perspectives and research propositions
Dwivedi, Y. K., Ismagilova, E., Hughes, D. L., Carlson, J., Filieri, R., Jacobson, J., Jain, V., Karjaluoto, H., Kefi, H., Krishen, A. S., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102168 · Cited by 4,608
“people fail to use diagnostic information in the presence of nondiagnostic information (Nisbett et al., 1981).”
BackgroundInfluential
The Affect Heuristic
Slovic, P., Finucane, M., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.025 · Cited by 2,349
“Clinical versus Actuarial Judgment.”
Dawes, R. M., Faust, D., & Meehl, P. E. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2648573 · Cited by 2,298
Heuristics and Biases
(2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098 · Cited by 2,293
The weighing of evidence and the determinants of confidence
Griffin, D., & Tversky, A. (1992) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(92)90013-r · Cited by 1,866
Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment.
Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.004 · Cited by 3,476
Negativity and extremity biases in impression formation: A review of explanations.
Skowronski, J. J., & Carlston, D. E. (1989) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.105.1.131 · Cited by 1,550
Ease of retrieval as information: another look at the availability heuristic
Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Strack, F., Klumpp, G., Rittenauer-Schatka, H., & Simons, A. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.195 · Cited by 1,412
Support theory: a nonextensional representation of subjective probability
Tversky, A., & Koehler, D. J. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.4.547 · Cited by 1,167
Managing What Consumers Learn from Experience
Hoch, S. J., & Deighton, J. (1989) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224298905300201 · Cited by 1,143
The Hot Hand in Basketball: On the Misperception of Random Sequences
Gilovich, T., Vallone, R., & Tversky, A. (1985) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(85)90010-6 · Cited by 1,649
The Impact of Accountability on Judgment and Choice: Toward A Social Contingency Model
Tetlock, P. E. (1992) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60287-7 · Cited by 926
Social judgment and social memory: The role of cue diagnosticity in negativity, positivity, and extremity biases.
Skowronski, J. J., & Carlston, D. E. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.4.689 · Cited by 909
The “black sheep effect”: extremity of judgments towards ingroup members as a function of group identification.
Marques, J. M., Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Leyens, J. (1988) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420180102 · Cited by 888
Forming impressions from stereotypes, traits, and behaviors: A parallel-constraint-satisfaction theory.
Kunda, Z., & Thagard, P. R. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.2.284 · Cited by 881
The use of statistical heuristics in everyday inductive reasoning.
Nisbett, R. E., Krantz, D. H., Jepson, C., & Kunda, Z. (1983) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.90.4.339 · Cited by 836
Self-citation
Dissonance processes as self-affirmation.
Steele, C. M., & Liu, T. J. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.1.5 · Cited by 785
Effects of Comprehensive-Income Characteristics on Nonprofessional Investors' Judgments: The Role of Financial-Statement Presentation Format
Maines, L. A., & McDaniel, L. S. (2000) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr.2000.75.2.179 · Cited by 759
Ambiguity and self-evaluation: The role of idiosyncratic trait definitions in self-serving assessments of ability.
Dunning, D., Meyerowitz, J. A., & Holzberg, A. D. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1082 · Cited by 758
On the study of statistical intuitions
Kahneman, D. J., & Tversky, A. (1982) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(82)90022-1 · Cited by 728
Ambiguity and Self-Evaluation: The Role of Idiosyncratic Trait Definitions in Self-Serving Assessments of Ability
Dunning, D. A., Meyerowitz, J. A., & Holzberg, A. D. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.020 · Cited by 689
Consumer Learning: Advertising and the Ambiguity of Product Experience
Hoch, S. J., & Ha, Y.-W. (1986) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209062 · Cited by 908
Advanced social psychology
(1993) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e540002004-001 · Cited by 624
Hypothesis evaluation from a Bayesian perspective.
Fischhoff, B., & Marom, T. (1983) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.90.3.239 · Cited by 539
Handbook of Management Accounting Research
(2009) · Handbooks of management accounting research · doi:10.1016/s1751-3243(07)x0001-4 · Cited by 512
Thinking is for doing: Portraits of social cognition from Daguerreotype to laserphoto.
Fiske, S. T. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.63.6.877 · Cited by 476
The social context of reasoning: Conversational inference and rational judgment.
Hilton, D. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.118.2.248 · Cited by 486
The impact of mothers' gender-role stereotypic beliefs on mothers' and children's ability perceptions.
Jacobs, J. E., & Eccles, J. S. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.63.6.932 · Cited by 460
“It is likely that the "pseudo-relevant" (Hilton & Fein, 1989) information available from stereotypes may serve to dilute the diagnostic value of the individuating information, as has been suggested by others (Hilton & Fein, 1989; Nisbett et al., 1981; Zukier, 1982).”
Background
Perspectives on experimental research in managerial accounting
Sprinkle, G. B. (2003) · Accounting Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/s0361-3682(01)00058-7 · Cited by 459
Unpacking, repacking, and anchoring: Advances in support theory.
Rottenstreich, Y., & Tversky, A. (1997) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.104.2.406 · Cited by 446
Incorporating the Irrelevant: Anchors in Judgments of Belief and Value
Chapman, G. B., & Johnson, E. J. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.008 · Cited by 424
Two Systems of Reasoning
Sloman, S. A. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.024 · Cited by 412
Imagining Can Heighten or Lower the Perceived Likelihood of Contracting a Disease
Sherman, S. J., Cialdini, R. B., Schwartzman, D. F., & Reynolds, K. D. (1985) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167285111011 · Cited by 400
Evidence-Based Assessment of Child and Adolescent Disorders: Issues and Challenges
Mash, E. J., & Hunsley, J. D. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3403_1 · Cited by 396
When less is more: Counterfactual thinking and satisfaction among Olympic medalists.
Medvec, V. H., Madey, S. F., & Gilovich, T. D. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.4.603 · Cited by 526
Maintaining stereotypes in the face of disconfirmation: Constructing grounds for subtyping deviants.
Kunda, Z., & Oleson, K. C. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.68.4.565 · Cited by 368
7. The Psychology of Group Conflict and the Dynamics of Oppression: A Social Dominance Perspective
Sidanius, J. (1993) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822396697-009 · Cited by 410
Explanation, imagination, and confidence in judgment.
Koehler, D. J. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.110.3.499 · Cited by 561
Judgment in a Social Context: Biases, Shortcomings, and the Logic of Conversation
Schwarz, N. (1994) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60153-7 · Cited by 373
Behavioral implications of Big Data's impact on audit judgment and decision making and future research directions
Brown-Liburd, H., Issa, H., & Lombardi, D. (2015) · Accounting Horizons · doi:10.2308/acch-51023 · Cited by 434
Designing experiments that generalize
Highhouse, S. (2009) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428107300396 · Cited by 353
The Effects of Pro Forma Earnings Disclosures on Analysts' and Nonprofessional Investors' Equity Valuation Judgments
Frederickson, J. R., & Miller, J. S. (2004) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr.2004.79.3.667 · Cited by 344
5. Symbolic Politics: A Socio-Psychological Theory
Sears, D. O. (1993) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822396697-007 · Cited by 383
Assessing uncertainty in physical constants
Henrion, M., & Fischhoff, B. (1986) · American Journal of Physics · doi:10.1119/1.14447 · Cited by 327
Culture and judgement of causal relevance.
Choi, I., Dalal, R. S., Kim‐Prieto, C., & Park, H. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.46 · Cited by 313
Category-based and attribute-based reactions to others: Some informational conditions of stereotyping and individuating processes
Fiske, S. T., Neuberg, S. L., Beattie, A. E., & Milberg, S. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(87)90038-2 · Cited by 313
Introduction – Heuristics and Biases: Then and Now
Gilovich, T. D., & Griffin, D. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.002 · Cited by 312
Judgment and Decision Making Research in Auditing: A Task, Person, and Interpersonal Interaction Perspective
Nelson, M. W., & Tan, H. (2005) · Auditing A Journal of Practice & Theory · doi:10.2308/aud.2005.24.supplement.41 · Cited by 305
Do Unverifiable Disclosures Matter? Evidence from Peer-to-Peer Lending
Michels, J. (2012) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr-50159 · Cited by 298
Norm Theory: Comparing Reality to Its Alternatives
Kahneman, D. J., & Miller, D. T. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.022 · Cited by 285
Social stereotypes and judgments of individuals: An instance of the base-rate fallacy
Locksley, A., Hepburn, C., & Ortiz, V. (1982) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(82)90079-8 · Cited by 276
Experimental Evidence on the Negative Effect of Product Features and Sales Promotions on Brand Choice
Simonson, I., Carmon, Z., & O’Curry, S. (1994) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.13.1.23 · Cited by 259
A model of probabilistic category learning.
Kruschke, J. K., & Johansen, M. K. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.25.5.1083 · Cited by 247
Psychology and International Relations Theory
Goldgeier, J. M., & Tetlock, P. E. (2001) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.67 · Cited by 246
“During the Cold War, this debate was central to ideological arguments between liberals and conservatives in both Washington and Moscow over how to deal with the other superpower (Osgood 1981, Garthoff 1994).”
Background
THE AFFIRMATIVE ACTION STIGMA OF INCOMPETENCE: EFFECTS OF PERFORMANCE INFORMATION AMBIGUITY.
Heilman, M. E., Block, C. J., & Stathatos, P. (1997) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/257055 · Cited by 244
Accountability, the Dilution Effect, and Conservatism in Auditors' Fraud Judgments
Hoffman, V. B., & Patton, J. M. (1997) · Journal of Accounting Research · doi:10.2307/2491362 · Cited by 236
Compatibility Effects in Judgment and Choice
Slovic, P., Griffin, D., & Tversky, A. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.014 · Cited by 235
Less is more: The lure of ambiguity, or why familiarity breeds contempt.
Norton, M. I., Frost, J. H., & Dan Ariely, C. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.97 · Cited by 235
“Our account suggests that it is not simply that initial information dilutes the impact of subsequent information (e.g., Nisbett et al, 1981 ) or that initial information causes later information to be seen as nondiagnostic and therefore is ignored (e.g., Yzerbyt & Leyens, 1991), but rather that initial information act…”
Social judgeability: The impact of meta-informational cues on the use of stereotypes.
Yzerbyt, V. Y., Schadron, G., Leyens, J., & Rocher, S. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.1.48 · Cited by 223
Spillover Effects in Subjective Performance Evaluation: Bias and the Asymmetric Influence of Controllability
Bol, J. C., & Smith, S. D. (2011) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr-10038 · Cited by 225
Proper analysis of the accuracy of group judgments.
Gigone, D., & Hastie, R. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.149 · Cited by 215
The Availability Heuristic Revisited: Ease of Recall and Content of Recall as Distinct Sources of Information
Schwarz, N., & Vaughn, L. A. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.007 · Cited by 215
Consumers’ Beliefs about Product Benefits: The Effect of Obviously Irrelevant Product Information
Meyvis, T., & Janiszewski, C. A. (2002) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/338205 · Cited by 214
“The most popular account of the dilution effect within the social judgment literature relies on the representativeness heuristic (Fein and Hilton 1992; Hilton and Fein 1989; Locksley, Hepburn, and Ortiz 1982; Nisbett et al. 1981; Tetlock and Boettger 1989; Zukier 1982).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
When Predictions Fail: The Dilemma of Unrealistic Optimism
Armor, D. A., & Taylor, S. E. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.021 · Cited by 211
Belief polarization is not always irrational.
Jern, A., Chang, K.-M. K., & Kemp, C. (2014) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0035941 · Cited by 201
The Moderating Effects of Problem Characteristics on Experts' and Novices' Judgments
Spence, M. T., & Brucks, M. L. (1997) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3151861 · Cited by 203
An investigation of information sharing and seeking behaviors in online investment communities
Park, J.-H., Gu, B., Leung, A. C. M., & Konana, P. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.002 · Cited by 209
The illusion of knowledge: When more information reduces accuracy and increases confidence
Hall, C. C., Ariss, L., & Todorov, A. T. (2007) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.01.003 · Cited by 202
“First, we argue that knowledge of team names reduces the weight of sta- 1 This effect is similar to the dilution effect (Nisbett et al., 1981; Zukier, 1982), where non-diagnostic or pseudo-diagnostic information (e.g., Hilton & Fein, 1989) reduces the influence of actuarial information.”
Background
The Effect of Experience on the Use of Irrelevant Evidence in Auditor Judgment
Shelton, S. W. (1999) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr.1999.74.2.217 · Cited by 196
Self-Regulation of Cognitive Inference and Decision Processes
Baumeister, R. F., & Newman, L. S. (1994) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167294201001 · Cited by 292
Sympathetic Magical Thinking: The Contagion and Similarity “Heuristics”
Rozin, P. N., & Nemeroff, C. J. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.013 · Cited by 195
How alike is it versus how likely is it: A disjunction fallacy in probability judgments.
Bar‐Hillel, M., & Neter, E. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.6.1119 · Cited by 192
Escalation Firebreaks in the Cyber, Conventional, and Nuclear Domains: Moving Beyond Effects-Based Logics
Kreps, S. E., & Schneider, J. G. (2018) · Journal of Cybersecurity · doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyz007 · Cited by 180
Improving Jurors' Evaluations of Auditors in Negligence Cases
Kadous, K. (2001) · Contemporary Accounting Research · doi:10.1506/gm8a-hnph-ll3l-98fy · Cited by 172
The Influence of Time Pressure and Accountability on Auditors' Processing of Nondiagnostic Information
Glover, S. M. (1997) · Journal of Accounting Research · doi:10.2307/2491361 · Cited by 171
Implications of Seemingly Irrelevant Evidence in Audit Judgment
Hackenbrack, K. E. (1992) · Journal of Accounting Research · doi:10.2307/2491095 · Cited by 170
Truth Biases and Aroused Suspicion in Relational Deception
Stiff, J. B., KIM, H. J., & Ramesh, C. (1992) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365092019003002 · Cited by 170
Effects of Comprehensive-Income Characteristics on Nonprofessional Investors' Judgments: The Role of Financial-Statement FormatPreprint
Maines, L. A., & McDaniel, L. S. (2000) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.200774 · Cited by 167
Individual Differences in Reasoning: Implications for the Rationality Debate?
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.026 · Cited by 178
Inside the Planning Fallacy: The Causes and Consequences of Optimistic Time Predictions
Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Ross, M. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.016 · Cited by 169
Resistance of personal risk perceptions to debiasing interventions.
Weinstein, N. D., & Klein, W. M. P. (1995) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.14.2.132 · Cited by 614
Risk Taking in Relationships: Differences in Deciding for Oneself Versus for a Friend
Beisswanger, A. H., Stone, E. R., Hupp, J. M., & Allgaier, L. (2003) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2502_3 · Cited by 162
Do Attitudes about Immigration Predict Willingness to Admit Individual Immigrants?
Iyengar, S., Jackman, S. D., Messing, S., Valentino, N. A., Aalberg, T., Duch, R. M., Hahn, K. S., Soroka, S., Harell, A., & Kobayashi, T. (2013) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nft024 · Cited by 160
“…1988; hilton and fein 1989). in effect, individuating information overrides stereotypes and other heuristics that might apply to individuals, encouraging the perceiver to form a judgment " on the merits " (locksley et al. 1980; Nisbett, Zukier, and lemley 1981; yzerbyt, leyens, and schadron 1997).”
Financial capability: a behavioural economics perspective
de Meza, D. E., Irlenbusch, B., & Reyniers, D. J. (2008) · Cited by 156
Belief in the unstructured interview: The persistence of an illusion
Dana, J. D., Dawes, R. M., & Peterson, N. (2013) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500003612 · Cited by 151
Inferential Correction
Gilbert, D. T. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.011 · Cited by 153
Feelings as Information: Moods Influence Judgments and Processing Strategies
Schwarz, N. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.031 · Cited by 149
The calibration of expert judgment: heuristics and biases beyond the laboratory
Koehler, D. J., Brenner, L., & Griffin, D. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.041 · Cited by 146
Financial Literacy, Public Policy, and Consumers’ Self‐Protection—More Questions, Fewer Answers
Kozup, J. C., & Hogarth, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.2008.00101.x · Cited by 149
Using Game Theory and Strategic Reasoning Concepts to Prevent and Detect Fraud
Wilks, T. J., & Zimbelman, M. F. (2004) · Accounting Horizons · doi:10.2308/acch.2004.18.3.173 · Cited by 145
The role of typical diagnosticity in stereotype-based judgments.
Hilton, J. L., & Fein, S. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.57.2.201 · Cited by 145
Decisional comprehensiveness and firm performance: towards a more complete understanding
Miller, C. C. (2008) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.607 · Cited by 143
Can journalistic “false balance” distort public perception of consensus in expert opinion?
Koehler, D. J. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000073 · Cited by 149
Judgment and Decision Making Research in Auditing: A Task, Person, and Interpersonal Interaction Perspective
Nelson, M., & Tan, H. (2005) · Auditing A Journal of Practice & Theory · doi:10.2308/aud.2005.24.s-1.41 · Cited by 130
“A dilution effect is said to occur when judgments made in the presence of both diagnostic and nondiagnostic information are less extreme than those made only in the presence of diagnostic information (Nisbett et al. 1981).”
Background
An Alternative Metaphor in the Study of Judgment and Choice: People as Politicians
Tetlock, P. E. (1991) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354391014004 · Cited by 132

Authors: Nisbett, R. E., Zukier, H., & Lemley, R. E.
Affiliations: University of Michigan (US)
The New School (US)
Corresponding author: Nisbett, Richard E.
Venue: Cognitive Psychology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1981-04
Volume: 13
Issue: 2
Pages: 248-277
ISSN: 0010-0285 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0010-0285(81)90010-4
OpenAlex: W2171421397
Cited by: 605
References: 16
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 26.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Cognitive Psychology (publishedVersion)
Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
Keywords: dilution effect, diagnostic information, prediction, similarity judgments, stereotypes, individuating information

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The dilution effect: Nondiagnostic information weakens the implications of diagnostic information

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks