The dynamics of a rapidly escaping atmosphere: Applications to the evolution of Earth and Venus
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The rate of hydrogen escape would have been controlled by the amount of energy available; loss of an ocean the size of Earth's present ocean would have taken a few hundred million years.
“The rate of hydrogen escape would have been controlled by the amount of energy available; loss of an ocean the size of Earth's present ocean would have taken a few hundred million years (Watson et al., 1981).”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1981
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- Authors
- Watson, A. J., Donahue, T. M., & Walker, J. C. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- ORCID
- Watson, Andrew J.
- Venue
- Icarus
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1981-11
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 150-166
- ISSN
- 0019-1035 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2106231443
- Cited by
- 598
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 7.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Icarus (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Keywords
- atmospheric escape, hydrogen escape, thermosphere, Venus atmosphere, Earth's atmosphere, planetary evolution, planetary origin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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