The faint young Sun problem

Feulner, Georg

doi:10.1029/2011rg000375

Cited by 338Paleontology and Stratigraphy of FossilsGeology and Paleoclimatology ResearchEarth Systems and Cosmic Evolution

The faint young Sun problem

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Feulner, Georg·2012·Reviews of Geophysics

DOI 10.1029/2011rg000375

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Abstract

For more than four decades, scientists have been trying to find an answer to one of the most fundamental questions in paleoclimatology, the “faint young Sun problem.” For the early Earth, models of stellar evolution predict a solar energy input to the climate system that is about 25% lower than today. This would result in a completely frozen world over the first 2 billion years in the history of our planet if all other parameters controlling Earth's climate had been the same. Yet there is ample evidence for the presence of liquid surface water and even life in the Archean (3.8 to 2.5 billion years before present), so some effect (or effects) must have been compensating for the faint young Sun. A wide range of possible solutions have been suggested and explored during the last four decades, with most studies focusing on higher concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, or ammonia. All of these solutions present considerable difficulties, however, so the faint young Sun problem cannot be regarded as solved. Here I review research on the subject, including the latest suggestions for solutions of the faint young Sun problem and recent geochemical constraints on the composition of Earth's early atmosphere. Furthermore, I will outline the most promising directions for future research. In particular I would argue that both improved geochemical constraints on the state of the Archean climate system and numerical experiments with state‐of‐the‐art climate models are required to finally assess what kept the oceans on the Archean Earth from freezing over completely.

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Liquid water was already present at the Earth's surface during the Hadean and Archean eons.
“liquid water was already present at the surface during the Hadean (4.56 Ga to ≈ 4.0 Ga 1 ) and Archean eons ( ≈ 4.0 Ga to 2.4 Ga)”
From The young Sun's XUV-activity as a constraint for lower CO2-limits in the Earth's Archean atmosphere (2021) · cites this paper as Feulner, 2012
Section 2.2 [19] explicitly reports evidence of liquid surface water during both the Hadean and Archean. The dates in the citing sentence do not fully match the review’s definitions: it uses 3.8 Ga for the boundary and 2.5 Ga for the end of the Archean, though it acknowledges that the boundary is often set at 4.0 Ga. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Liquid water under a fainter Sun likely implies more abundant greenhouse gases than today.
“Liquid water under a fainter Sun likely implies more abundant greenhouse gases than today (14, 15).”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
Solar evolution models show that the Sun was 25 to 30% fainter at 4 Ga ago.
“Solar evolution models show that the Sun was 25 to 30% fainter at 4 Ga ago (12, 13, 15).”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [15]

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“…of evidence that liquid water was already present at the surface during the Hadean (4.56 Ga to ≈ 4.0 Ga1) and Archean eons (≈ 4.0 Ga to 2.4 Ga) (e.g., Feulner, 2012; Catling and Zahnle, 2020) such as elevated 18O/16O ratios in zircons from 4.3 Ga (Mojzsis et al., 2001; Wilde et al., 2001) and…”
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Authors: Feulner, G.
Affiliations: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (DE)
Corresponding author: Feulner, Georg
ORCID: Feulner, Georg
Venue: Reviews of Geophysics
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Published: 2012-05-25
Volume: 50
Issue: 2
ISSN: 0096-1043 (ISSN-L)
8755-1209
1944-9208
DOI: 10.1029/2011rg000375
OpenAlex: W2092626416
Cited by: 338
References: 297
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 14.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Reviews of Geophysics (publishedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
Publication Database PIK (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders: Stonehill College
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution
Keywords: early Earth atmosphere, greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, paleoclimate, climate models

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