Hydrodynamic planetary thermosphere model: 1. Response of the Earth's thermosphere to extreme solar EUV conditions and the significance of adiabatic cooling

Tian, Feng; Kasting, James F.; Liu, Han‐Li; Roble, Raymond G.

doi:10.1029/2007je002946

Cited by 153Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamicsStellar, planetary, and galactic studiesAstro and Planetary Science

Hydrodynamic planetary thermosphere model: 1. Response of the Earth's thermosphere to extreme solar EUV conditions and the significance of adiabatic cooling

Tian, Feng, Kasting, James F., Liu, Han‐Li, Roble, Raymond G.·2008·Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

DOI 10.1029/2007je002946

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Abstract

It has been suggested that the exobase temperature of early terrestrial planetary atmosphere could have reached over 10,000 K. Although such high exobase temperatures should have caused the major gases at the exobase to experience fast Jeans escape, and the entire thermosphere should have experienced hydrodynamic flow, hydrostatic equilibrium was assumed to be valid in this earlier model. In this paper we develop a multicomponent hydrodynamic thermosphere model to self‐consistently study the Earth's thermosphere under extreme solar EUV conditions. The model is validated against observations and other models for the present Earth's thermosphere. Simulations show that if forced in hydrostatic equilibrium and maintaining the current composition, the Earth's thermosphere could experience a fast transition to an atmospheric blowoff state when exposed to solar EUV radiation stronger than certain critical flux. When hydrodynamic flow and its associated adiabatic cooling are included, atmospheric blowoff is prevented and Earth's exobase temperature decreases with increasing solar EUV beyond the critical solar EUV flux. Simulations show that the transition of the thermosphere from the hydrostatic equilibrium regime to the hydrodynamic regime occurs when the exobase temperature reaches 7000 to 8000 K if atomic O and N dominate the upper thermosphere. The fast variations of the bulk motion velocities under different exobase temperatures suggest that the adiabatic cooling effect could have kept the exobase temperature lower than ∼1000 K if light gases such as atomic hydrogen were the dominant species in the Earth's thermosphere. We propose that hydrodynamic flow and associated adiabatic cooling should exist in the thermospheres of a broad range of early and/or close‐in terrestrial type planets and that the adiabatic cooling effect must be included in the energy balance in order to correctly estimate their thermospheric structures and their evolutionary paths.

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At higher levels of solar XUV radiation, the Earth's atmosphere is hotter and more expanded, leading to more rapid losses to space.
“At higher levels of solar XUV radiation, the Earth's atmosphere is hotter and more expanded (Tian et al. 2008; Tian et al. 2009; Kuramoto et al. 2013), leading to more rapid losses to space (Lammer et al. 2008; Lichtenegger et al. 2010; Lammer et al. 2018).”
From The young Sun's XUV-activity as a constraint for lower CO2-limits in the Earth's Archean atmosphere (2021) · cites this paper as Tian et al. 2008
For high XUV fluxes, the thermosphere can be heated to high temperatures and the upper atmosphere expands efficiently so that losses cause a large-scale outward flow, and adiabatic cooling counters the strong heating to some extent.
“For high XUV fluxes the thermosphere can be heated to high temperatures and the upper atmosphere starts to expand very efficiently so that losses at the exobase cause a large scale outward flow of material, and the resulting adiabatic cooling to some extent counters the strong heating (Tian et al. 2005; Tian et al. 2008; Murray-Clay et al. 2009).”
From The young Sun's XUV-activity as a constraint for lower CO2-limits in the Earth's Archean atmosphere (2021) · cites this paper as Tian et al. 2008

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Hydrodynamic planetary thermosphere model: 1. Response of the Earth’s thermosphere to extreme solar EUV
(2014)
Hydrodynamic planetary thermosphere model: 2. Coupling of an electron transport/energy deposition model
Tian, F., Solomon, S. C., Qian, L., Lei, J., & Roble, R. G. (2008) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2007je003043 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Aeronomical evidence for higher CO2 levels during Earth's Hadean epoch
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On the stability of nitrogen-rich atmospheres of terrestrial exoplanets
Lichtenegger, H., Lammer, H., Grießmeier, J. ‐., Kulikov, Y. N., von Paris, P., & Rauer, H. (2010) · European Planetary Science Congress 2010
Fractionation of the Early Terrestrial Atmospheres: Dynamical Escape
Hartle, R. E. (2002) · NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA)

Authors: Tian, F., Kasting, J. F., Liu, H., & Roble, R. G.
Affiliations: NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (US)
Pennsylvania State University (US)
High Altitude Observatory National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado USA
ORCID: Tian, Feng
Kasting, James F.
Venue: Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Published: 2008-05
Volume: 113
Issue: E5
ISSN: 0148-0227 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1029/2007je002946
OpenAlex: W2067818744
Cited by: 153
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 5.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 30 d)
Locations: Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
Keywords: adiabatic cooling, solar EUV radiation, hydrostatic equilibrium, Jeans escape, close-in exoplanets, atomic hydrogen

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Hydrodynamic planetary thermosphere model: 1. Response of the Earth's thermosphere to extreme solar EUV conditions and the significance of adiabatic cooling

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