The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Relating self-discrepancy to self-esteem: The contribution of discrepancy beyond actual-self ratings
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“High self-esteem is marked by high arousal positive affect, whereas low selfesteem is marked by low arousal negative affect (Moretti & Higgins, 1990).”
From Cultural norm fulfillment, interpersonal belonging, or getting ahead? A large-scale cross-cultural test of three perspectives on the function of self-esteem. (2015) · cites this paper as Moretti & Higgins, 1990
Citations
Cites
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
Statistical Methods for Psychology.
Gudgeon, A. C., & Howell, D. C. (1994) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2348956 · Cited by 8,277
(1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,245
Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect.
Higgins, E. T. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.3.319 · Cited by 7,219
(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,872
The antecedents of self-esteem
Coopersmith, S. (1965) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,649
Depression: Causes and treatment
Beck, A. T. (1973) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(73)80054-1 · Cited by 3,163
Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders
Ince, L. P. (1977) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1977.31.4.633 · Cited by 2,889
Likableness ratings of 555 personality-trait words.
Anderson, N. H. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025907 · Cited by 1,670
Statistics for behavioral sciences
Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (1985) · Cited by 1,104
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- James, 1890, Vol. 2
- Wylie, 1974, Vol. 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–208 of 208
Leading Change at Multiple Levels (Principles 8, 9, and 10)
Boyatzis, R. E. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197765142.003.0008
Shi, Y. T., Guo, X., Peng, K., & Yuan, Y. (2024) · International Communication of Chinese Culture · doi:10.1007/s40636-024-00309-8 · Cited by 2
Zou, Y.-H., & Chen, H. (2024) · International Conference on Behavioral, Economic, and Socio-Cultural Computing · doi:10.1109/besc64747.2024.10780523
The Association Between Social Media and Self-Esteem among Adolescents
Wang, L.-R. (2025) · Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.54097/jk420h93
(2013) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-62396-318-720251014
The Effects of Evaluative and Accepting Feedback from Significant Others on Self-Discrepancies
Noto, A., Noto, M., & Mochizuki, S. (2026) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.34.3.3
ŞİRZAD, N., & Bayraktaroglu, D. (2026) · Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.17829/turcom.1650687
Metadata
- Authors
- Moretti, M. M., & Tory Higgins, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Moretti, Marlene M
- ORCID
- Moretti, Marlene M
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1990-03
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 108-123
- ISSN
- 0022-1031 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2048027433
- Cited by
- 208
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 5.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- self-discrepancy theory, self-esteem, actual self, ideal self, self-concept
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
