The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 85 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The role of subvocalization in auditory imagery.
Abstract
Five experiments explored the utility of subvocal rehearsal, and of an inner-ear/inner-voice partnership, in tasks of auditory imagery. In three tasks (reinterpreting ambiguous auditory images, parsing meaningful letter strings, scanning familiar melodies) subjects relied on a partnership between the inner ear and inner voice, one similar to the phonological loop system described in the short-term memory literature. Apparently subjects subvocally rehearsed the imagery material, which placed the material in a phonological store that allowed the imagery judgement. In a fourth task (distinguishing voiced and unvoiced consonants in imagery), subjects still subvocally rehearsed, but seemed to need no additional phonological store to respond correctly. In this case they may have consulted articulatory or kinesthetic cues instead. In a fifth experiment (making homophone judgements), subjects hardly even needed to subvocally rehearse, a result suggesting that homophone judgements rely on some direct route from print to phonology. We consider the breadth of the partnership between the inner ear and inner voice, the level that subvocal rehearsal occupies in the cognitive system, and the functional neuroanatomy of the phonological loop system.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It has been shown to also occur in a covert mode”
From The ConDialInt Model: Condensation, Dialogality, and Intentionality Dimensions of Inner Speech Within a Hierarchical Predictive Control Framework (2019) · cites this paper as Smith et al., 1995
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In addition, research on covert VTE has indicated that the effect is disrupted during auditory interference, which suggests that auditory processes are engaged during the search for VTE (Smith et al., 1995).”
From The ConDialInt Model: Condensation, Dialogality, and Intentionality Dimensions of Inner Speech Within a Hierarchical Predictive Control Framework (2019) · cites this paper as Smith et al., 1995
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The motor theory of speech perception revised
Liberman, A. M., & Mattingly, I. G. (1985) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90021-6 · Cited by 2,970
Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single-word processing
Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., Posner, M. I., Mintun, M., & Raichle, M. E. (1988) · Nature · doi:10.1038/331585a0 · Cited by 2,593
The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory
Paulesu, E., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/362342a0 · Cited by 2,230 · cited 3×
“[48] strongly activated Broca's area, in addition to the temporo-parietal areas already described.”
BackgroundStuss, D. T., & Benson, D. F. (1986) · Raven Press eBooks · Cited by 2,102
The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-0601 · Cited by 1,901
Lateralization of Phonetic and Pitch Discrimination in Speech Processing
Zatorre, R. J., Evans, A. C., Meyer, E., & GJEDDE, A. H. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1589767 · Cited by 1,499
THE ANATOMY OF PHONOLOGICAL AND SEMANTIC PROCESSING IN NORMAL SUBJECTS
Démonet, J., Chollet, F., Ramsay, S. C., Cardebat, D., Nespoulous, J., WISE, R., Rascol, A., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1992) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/115.6.1753 · Cited by 1,157
Gathercole, S. E., & Baddeley, A. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315804682 · Cited by 1,111
Salamé, P., & Baddeley, A. (1982) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(82)90521-7 · Cited by 906
Exploring the Articulatory Loop
Baddeley, A., Lewis, V., & Vallar, G. (1984) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640748408402157 · Cited by 836
Precategorical acoustic storage (PAS)
Crowder, R. G., & Morton, J. (1969) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03210660 · Cited by 772
Daneman, M. (1994) · Language and Speech · doi:10.1177/002383099403700409 · Cited by 763
Brain organization for language from the perspective of electrical stimulation mapping
Ojemann, G. A. (1983) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00015491 · Cited by 710
Proceedings of the fourteenth annual conference of the cognitive science society
Shillcock, R. C., Lindsey, G. L., Levy, J., & Nick Chater, A. (1992) · Cited by 675
Neuropsychological Impairments of Short-Term Memory
(1990) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511665547 · Cited by 590
Processing of Visible Language
Kolers, P. A., Wrolstad, M. E., & Bouma, H. (1979) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-0994-9 · Cited by 581
Broca aphasia: Pathologic and clinical
MOHR, J. P., PESSIN, M. S., FINKELSTEIN, S., FUNKENSTEIN, H. H., DUNCAN, G. W., & DAVIS, K. R. (1978) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.28.4.311 · Cited by 549
Coltheart, M. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315630427 · Cited by 460
Hearing in the Mind's Ear: A PET Investigation of Musical Imagery and Perception
Zatorre, R. J., Halpern, A. R., Perry, D. W., Meyer, E., & Evans, A. C. (1996) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1996.8.1.29 · Cited by 439
Fractionation of working memory: Neuropsychological evidence for a phonological short-term store
Vallar, G., & Baddeley, A. (1984) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(84)90104-x · Cited by 413
Interactive Processes in Reading
(2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315108506 · Cited by 403
Hintzman, D. L., & Curran, T. (1994) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1994.1001 · Cited by 388
Interactive Processes in Reading
Massaro, D. W., Lesgold, A. M., Perfetti, C. A., Tzeng, O. J. L., & Singer, H. (1983) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422221 · Cited by 347
Mental Images in Human Cognition
(1991) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)x6020-0 · Cited by 315
The anatomical localisation of selective impairment of auditory verbal short-term memory
Warrington, E. K., Logue, V., & Pratt, R. T. C. (1971) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(71)90002-9 · Cited by 283
Vallar, G., & Baddeley, A. (1984) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643298408252018 · Cited by 252
Modularity and the Motor Theory of Speech Perception
Fox, R. A. (1994) · Journal of Phonetics · doi:10.1016/s0095-4470(19)30270-0 · Cited by 249
Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-3565 · Cited by 235
Baddeley, A. (1979) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-0994-9_21 · Cited by 213
Phonological coding and short-term memory in patients without speech
Baddeley, A., & Wilson, B. (1985) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(85)90041-5 · Cited by 213
ALEXANDER, M. P., Naeser, M. A., & Palumbo, C. L. (1990) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.40.2.353 · Cited by 209
The role of speech responses in short-term memory.
Murray, D. J. (1967) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0082978 · Cited by 197
Auditory-verbal short-term memory impairment and conduction aphasia
Shallice, T., & Warrington, E. K. (1977) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(77)90040-2 · Cited by 191
Reading for Meaning: The Effects of Concurrent Articulation
Besner, D., Davies, J., & Daniels, S. (1981) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640748108400801 · Cited by 174
Phonology, Lexical Access in Reading, and Articulatory Suppression: A Critical Review
Besner, D. (1987) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640748708401799 · Cited by 155
An Auditory Analogue of the Visual Reversible Figure
Warren, R. M., & Gregory, R. L. (1958) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1420267 · Cited by 155
Auditory hallucinations and subvocal speech in schizophrenic patients
Bick, P. A., & Kinsbourne, M. (1987) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.144.2.222 · Cited by 149
Short-term memory impairment and spontaneous speech
Shallice, T., & Butterworth, B. L. (1977) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(77)90002-1 · Cited by 148
Bishop, D., & Robson, J. (1989) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640748908402356 · Cited by 148
Phonological factors in STM: Similarity and the unattended speech effect
Salamé, P., & Baddeley, A. (1986) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03330135 · Cited by 147
Modularity and the Motor theory of Speech Perception
Studdert‐Kennedy, M., & Mattingly, I. G. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315807942 · Cited by 137
Mental scanning in auditory imagery for songs.
Halpern, A. R. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.14.3.434 · Cited by 137
Basic processes in reading: Two phonological codes.
Besner, D., & Davelaar, E. (1982) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0080665 · Cited by 131
Crowder, R. G. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.15.3.472 · Cited by 121
The role of high-level speech planning in rehearsal: Evidence from patients with apraxia of speech*1
WATERS, G. (1992) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(92)90005-i · Cited by 116
ILLUSORY CHANGES OF DISTINCT SPEECH UPON REPETITION—THE VERBAL TRANSFORMATION EFFECT
Warren, R. M. (1961) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1961.tb00787.x · Cited by 114
Working Memory and Written Sentence Comprehension
Coltheart, M. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315630427-38 · Cited by 110
AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS AND SUBVOCAL SPEECH
GOULD, L. N. (1949) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-194910950-00005 · Cited by 107
Waters, G. S., Caplan, D. N., & Hildebrandt, N. (1991) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643299108253368 · Cited by 106
The unattended speech effect: Perception or memory?
Baddeley, A., & Salamé, P. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.12.4.525 · Cited by 105
Prefix effects in immediate memory.
Crowder, R. G. (1967) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0082997 · Cited by 100
Articulation and verbal short-term memory: Evidence from anarthria
Vallar, G., & Cappa, S. F. (1987) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643298708252035 · Cited by 99
Physical interaction and association by contiguity in memory for the words and melodies of songs
Crowder, R. G., Serafine, M. L., & Repp, B. H. (1990) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03198480 · Cited by 90
AUDITORY IMAGERY AND WORKING MEMORY
Baddeley, A. D., & Logie, R. H. (1992) · doi:10.4324/9781315807621-13 · Cited by 89
VERBAL HALLUCINATIONS AS AUTOMATIC SPEECH
GOULD, L. N. (1950) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.107.2.110 · Cited by 85
Developments in Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
Crawford, J. R., & PARKER, D. M. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9996-5 · Cited by 84
Phonological short-term store and sentence processing
Vallar, G., & Baddeley, A. (1987) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643298708252046 · Cited by 78
“Primary memory”: The effects of redundancy upon digit repetition
Dallett, K. M. (1965) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03343114 · Cited by 76
Silent mouthing produces modality- and suffix-like effects
Nairne, J. S., & Walters, V. L. (1983) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(83)90300-6 · Cited by 75
Gupta, P., & MacWhinney, B. (1995) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1995.1004 · Cited by 70
The nature of internal speech in a patient with aphemia
Nebes, R. D. (1975) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/s0093-934x(75)80086-1 · Cited by 70
“Enacted” auditory images are ambiguous; “pure” auditory images are not.
Reisberg, D., Smith, J. D., Baxter, D. A., & Sonenshine, M. (1989) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640748908402385 · Cited by 66
Self-citationPhonological recoding in silent reading.
Daneman, M., & Stainton, M. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.17.4.618 · Cited by 62
The critical role Wernicke's area in sentence repetition
Selnes, O. A., Knopman, D. S., Niccum, N., & Rubens, A. B. (1985) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410170604 · Cited by 60
The perception of phonetic gestures
Fowler, C. A. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 53
Burani, C., Vallar, G., & Bottini, G. (1991) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541449108406235 · Cited by 50
Neuropsychological Impairments of Short-Term Memory
Crowder, R. G., Vallar, G., & Shallice, T. (1992) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422988 · Cited by 50
Suppression Effects in Rhyme Judgement Tasks
Johnston, R. S., & McDermott, E. A. (1986) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640748608401587 · Cited by 49
On the locus of the stimulus suffix effect
Nairne, J. S., & Crowder, R. G. (1982) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03202427 · Cited by 44
MUSICAL ASPECTS OF AUDITORY IMAGERY
Halpern, A. R. (2014) · Bucknell Digital Commons (Bucknell University) · doi:10.4324/9781315807621-6 · Cited by 40
Impairment of Rhyme Judgments by Silent and Overt Articulatory Suppression
Wilding, J. P. H., & White, W. A. (1985) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640748508400953 · Cited by 35
The effects of concurrent tasks on reading: Implications for phonological recoding
Waters, G. S., Komoda, M. K., & Arbuckle, T. Y. (1985) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(85)90014-2 · Cited by 32
Ostergaard, A. L., & Meudell, P. R. (1984) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(84)90075-0 · Cited by 31
Dumahel, J.-R., & Poncet, M. (1986) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(86)90076-x · Cited by 30
Dwyer, J., Blumstein, S. E., & Ryalls, J. (1982) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(82)90021-9 · Cited by 18
Articulatory effects on speech perception: a preliminary report
Cooper, W. E., Blumstein, S. E., & Nigro, G. N. (1975) · Journal of Phonetics · doi:10.1016/s0095-4470(19)31352-x · Cited by 17
The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia
Fraser, W. I. (1993) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(93)90120-o · Cited by 14
Anarthria and Verbal Short-Term Memory
Logie, R. H., Cubelli, R., Sala, S. D., Alberoni, M., & Nichelli, P. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9996-5_16 · Cited by 13
Campbell, R., Rosen, S., Solís‐Macías, V. M., & White, T. L. (1991) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690969108406937 · Cited by 12
Chapter 4 Auditory imagery and inner speech
Reisberg, D., Wilson, M., & Smith, J. D. (1991) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)60504-x · Cited by 8
Self-citationIs the Phonological Loop Articulatory or Auditory
Gupta, P., & MacWhinney, B. (1993) · Cited by 6
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Music
Peretz, I., & Zatorre, R. J. (2003) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525202.001.0001 · Cited by 523
Working memory retention systems: A state of activated long-term memory
Ruchkin, D. S., Grafman, J. H., Cameron, K. A., & Berndt, R. S. (2003) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x03000165 · Cited by 426
Auditory imagery: Empirical findings
Hubbard, T. L. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018436 · Cited by 310
The case for sensorimotor coding in working memory
Wilson, M. (2001) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196138 · Cited by 232
Self-citationThe cognitive neuropsychiatry of auditory verbal hallucinations: An overview
David, A. S. (2004) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800344000183 · Cited by 220
Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, J. D., Wilson, M., & Reisberg, D.
- Affiliations
- State University of New York (US)
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies (US)
- Reed College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, J. David
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-11
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1433-1454
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2054377252
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Keywords
- subvocalization, auditory imagery, inner ear, inner speech, phonological loop, phonological store, short-term memory, kinesthetic cues
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Cognition, Hearing, Humans, Imagination, Ear, Inner, Language, Memory, Short-Term, Mental Processes, Music, Speech
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
