Hearing in the Mind's Ear: A PET Investigation of Musical Imagery and Perception
Abstract
Neuropsychological studies have suggested that imagery processes may be mediated by neuronal mechanisms similar to those used in perception. To test this hypothesis, and to explore the neural basis for song imagery, 12 normal subjects were scanned using the water bolus method to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) during the performance of three tasks. In the control condition subjects saw pairs of words on each trial and judged which word was longer. In the perceptual condition subjects also viewed pairs of words, this time drawn from a familiar song; simultaneously they heard the corresponding song, and their task was to judge the change in pitch of the two cued words within the song. In the imagery condition, subjects performed precisely the same judgment as in the perceptual condition, but with no auditory input. Thus, to perform the imagery task correctly an internal auditory representation must be accessed. Paired-image subtraction of the resulting pattern of CBF, together with matched MRI for anatomical localization, revealed that both perceptual and imagery. tasks produced similar patterns of CBF changes, as compared to the control condition, in keeping with the hypothesis. More specifically, both perceiving and imagining songs are associated with bilateral neuronal activity in the secondary auditory cortices, suggesting that processes within these regions underlie the phenomenological impression of imagined sounds. Other CBF foci elicited in both tasks include areas in…
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Auditory imagery and perception show similar neural responses, matching fMRI findings of shared substrates.
“The resemblance of neural responses in auditory imagery and auditory perception (Experiments 3–5) agrees with findings that similar neural substrates mediate auditory perception and imagery in fMRI studies (Zatorre et al., 1996; Wheeler et al., 2000; Schürmann et al., 2002; Halpern et al., 2004; Aleman et al., 2005; Bunzeck et al., 2005; Zatorre et al., 2009).”
From Mental imagery of speech and movement implicates the dynamics of internal forward models (2010) · cites this paper as Zatorre et al., 1996
Inner speech activates similar brain regions to overt speech, including audition and language-related perceptual areas and supplementary motor areas, but does not typically activate primary motor cortex.
“Support for this idea has been provided by studies showing that inner speech activates similar brain regions to overt speech, including audition and language-related perceptual areas and supplementary motor areas, but does not typically activate primary motor cortex (Palmer et al., 2001; Zatorre et al., 1996; Aleman et al., 2005; Shuster and Lemieux, 2005).”
From Neurophysiological evidence of efference copies to inner speech (2017) · cites this paper as Zatorre et al., 1996
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“Regional CBF increases have been reported when awake subjects imagine different objects with their eyes closed (Kosslyn et al., 1995) or imagine sounds in the absence of external auditory stimuli ( Zatorre et al., 1996a ).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWhy musical memory can be preserved in advanced Alzheimer’s disease
Jacobsen, J.-H., Stelzer, J., Fritz, T. H., Chételat, G., Joie, R. L., & Turner, R. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv135 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Top-down activation of shape-specific population codes in visual cortex during mental imagery
Stokes, M., Thompson, R., Cusack, R., & Duncan, J. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4657-08.2009 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
“, 1995), auditory (Zatorre et al., 1996) and somatosensory (Yoo et al.”
BackgroundKalinichev, M., Rosenblatt, J. S., Nakabeppu, Y., & Morrell, J. I. (2000) · The Journal of comparative neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(20000103)416:1 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Functional Dissociation among Components of Remembering: Control, Perceived Oldness, and Content
Wheeler, M. E., & Buckner, R. L. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-09-03869.2003 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
“(2000), two previous experiments have also shown increases in secondary auditory cortex during retrieval of auditory information (Zatorre et al., 1996; Nyberg et al., 2000), suggesting that the failure to reach significance in the present study is likely a type II error.”
BackgroundResultAuditory imagery: Empirical findings
Hubbard, T. L. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018436 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
“For the imagery condition, response times increased with increases in the distance of the second lyric from the first lyric (see also Zatorre & Halpern, 1993; Zatorre et al., 1996).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialRivier, F., & Clarke, S. (1997) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1997.0304 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
“, 1992), making pitch judgment or using musical imagery (Zatorre et al., 1996) when the control task is rest or visual.”
BackgroundFunctional anatomy of musical processing in listeners with absolute pitch and relative pitch
Zatorre, R. J., Perry, D. W., Beckett, C., Westbury, C. F., & Evans, A. C. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.6.3172 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Self-citationSwinging in the brain: shared neural substrates for behaviors related to sequencing and music
Janata, P., & Grafton, S. T. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1081 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Behavioral and neural correlates of perceived and imagined musical timbre
Halpern, A. R., Zatorre, R. J., Bouffard, M. A., & Johnson, J. A. (2004) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.12.017 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
“This contrasts with our earlier paradigms in which long sequences of tones needed to be generated, from either a verbal (Zatorre et al., 1996) or tonal (Halpern & Zatorre, 1999) cue.”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationNeuronal Correlates of Perception, Imagery, and Memory for Familiar Tunes
Herholz, S. C., Halpern, A. R., & Zatorre, R. J. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00216 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Self-citationMental imagery of speech and movement implicates the dynamics of internal forward models
Tian, X. (2010) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00166 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
“…imagery (e.g., Wheeler et al., 2000; Ishai et al., 2002; Ganis et al., 2004; Mazard et al., 2005; Slotnick et al., 2005) and auditory imagery (e.g., Zatorre et al., 1996; Wheeler et al., 2000; Schürmann et al., 2002; Halpern et al., 2004; Aleman et al., 2005; Bunzeck et al., 2005; Kraemer et al.,…”
Comparison between Language and Music
Besson, M., & Schön, D. (2001) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05736.x · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Paus, T., Perry, D. W., Zatorre, R. J., Worsley, K. J., & Evans, A. C. (1996) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01187.x · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Self-citationListening to polyphonic music recruits domain-general attention and working memory circuits
Janata, P., Tillmann, B., & Bharucha, J. J. (2002) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.2.2.121 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
“Specifically with regard to music, the SMA/pre-SMA is active in a variety of tasks using melodic stimuli and may reflect processes associated with internal singing, even if there are no words associated with the musical excerpt (Halpern & Zatorre, 1999; Perry et al., 1999; Zatorre et al., 1994; Zatorre et al., 1996).”
BackgroundKan, I. P., Barsalou, L. W., Solomon, K. O., Minor, J. K., & Thompson‐Schill, S. L. (2003) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643290244000257 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
“According to depictive theories of conceptual knowledge, mental imagery involves the same representations and mechanisms normally used during visual perception (e.g., Kosslyn, 1994; Shepard & Cooper, 1982; Zatorre, Halpern, Perry, Meyer, & Evans, 1996 ).”
MethodDistinct Mechanisms for Processing Spatial Sequences and Pitch Sequences in the Human Auditory Brain
Warren, J. D., & Griffiths, T. D. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-13-05799.2003 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
“…et al., 1998b; Binder et al., 2000; Thivard et al., 2000; Zatorre and Belin, 2001; Hall et al., 2002; Patterson et al., 2002), musical melodies (Zatorre et al., 1994, 1996), vocal sounds (Belin et al., 2000), and speech (Zatorre et al., 1992; Scott et al., 2000; Vouloumanos et al., 2001; Wise…”
Effects of synchronous music on treadmill running among elite triathletes
Terry, P. C., Karageorghis, C. I., Saha, A. M., & D’Auria, S. (2011) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.06.003 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Musical hallucinosis in acquired deafness: Phenomenology and brain substrate
Griffiths, T. D. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.10.2065 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
A network for audio–motor coordination in skilled pianists and non-musicians
Baumann, S., Koeneke, S., Schmidt, C. F., et al. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.05.045 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Auditory Attention to Space and Frequency Activates Similar Cerebral Systems
Zatorre, R. J., Mondor, T. A., & Evans, A. C. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0491 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citationBasal ganglia and supplementary motor area subtend duration perception: an fMRI study
Ferrandez, A., Hugueville, L., Lehéricy, S., Poline, J.-B., Marsault, C., & Pouthas, V. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00159-9 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“Auditory imagery and perception seem to share neural systems within the auditory cortex (Zatorre et al., 1996).”
BackgroundTowards reconstructing intelligible speech from the human auditory cortex
Akbari, H., Khalighinejad, B., Herrero, J. L., Mehta, A. D., & Mesgarani, N. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37359-z · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Roles of supplementary motor areas in auditory processing and auditory imagery
Lima, C. F., Krishnan, S., & Scott, S. K. (2016) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2016.06.003 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
“Auditory cortex activity during imagery is thought to reflect the instantiation of sound-like representations as controlled by higher-order cortical mechanisms [13,73], contributing to the phenomenological experience of ‘hearing’.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBrain Activation during Anticipation of Sound Sequences
Leaver, A. M., Lare, J. V., Zielinski, B. A., Halpern, A. R., & Rauschecker, J. P. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4921-08.2009 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
“Imagery for melodies, including cued (mental) completion of familiar melodies, is associated with a wider network of frontal and parietal regions (Zatorre et al., 1996; Halpern and Zatorre, 1999).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationPositron emission tomography of cortical centers of tinnitus
Mirz, F., Pedersen, C. B., Ishizu, K., Johannsen, P., Ovesen, T., Stødkilde‐Jørgensen, H., & GJEDDE, A. H. (1999) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/s0378-5955(99)00075-1 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
“Further support for a hypothesis of auditory imagery underlying tinnitus generation came from a PET study of musical imagery and perception (Zatorre et al., 1996).”
BackgroundFunctional neuroimaging of odor imagery
Djordjevic, J., Zatorre, R. J., Petrides, M., Boyle, J. A., & Jones‐Gotman, M. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.09.035 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“Only auditory imagery is an exception (Halpern and Zatorre, 1999; Halpern et al., 2004; Zatorre et al., 1996).”
Self-citationThe current status of the simulation theory of cognition
Hesslow, G. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.026 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Mental imagery in music performance: underlying mechanisms and potential benefits
Keller, P. E. (2012) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06439.x · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Functional neuroanatomy of hypnotic state
Maquet, P., Faymonville, M. E., Degueldre, C., Delfiore, G., Franck, G., Luxen, A., & Lamy, M. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00546-5 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
“Alternatively, the deactivation of anterior parts of both temporal lobes could also indicate that subjects did not resort to auditory mental imagery, which is known to activate temporal areas (Zatorre et al 1996).”
BackgroundMusic training and mental imagery ability
Aleman, A., Nieuwenstein, M. R., Böcker, K. B. E., & de Haan, E. H. F. (2000) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00079-8 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“The results suggest that music training may improve both musical and non-musical auditory imagery but not visual imagery, consistent with the evidence of temporal association cortical involvement in auditory imagery [20].”
BackgroundResultBarsalou, L. W. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008044612-7/50083-4 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Similar cerebral networks in language, music and song perception
Schön, D., Gordon, R. L., Campagne, A., Magne, C., Astésano, C., Anton, J., & Besson, M. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.023 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“…as well, the explicit discrimination tasks used in our studies may be particularly inclined to eliciting such activations (Gaab et al., 2003; Zatorre et al., 1992; 1996) compared to passive listening (which typically elicits activations restricted to primary and secondary auditory areas,…”
Neural representation of interval encoding and decision making
Harrington, D. L., Boyd, L. A., Mayer, A. R., Sheltraw, D., Lee, R. R., Huang, M., & Rao, S. M. (2004) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.01.010 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Harrington, D. L., & Haaland, K. Y. (1999) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro.1999.10.2.91 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Neural Specializations for Tonal Processing
Zatorre, R. J. (2001) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05734.x · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-citationEdeline, J. (1999) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00042-2 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“Related to the temporal processing, several studies have indicated that in humans, lesion of auditory cortex leads to de®cit in understanding language and music (Tramo et al., 1990; Zatorre et al., 1996).”
BackgroundExploring the Functional Neuroanatomy of Music Performance, Perception, and Comprehension
Parsons, L. M. (2001) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05735.x · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Joint action in music performance
Keller, P. E. (2008) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Memory for Music in Alzheimer’s Disease: Unforgettable?
Baird, A., & Samson, S. (2009) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-009-9085-2 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“In support of the wealth of findings from brain lesion studies, there is also neuroimaging evidence of temporal lobe involvement in musical memory, although only some studies have observed participation of mesial temporal lobe structures (Plailly et al. 2007; Satoh et al. 2006; Watanabe et al. 2007; Zatorre et al. 199…”
InfluentialWords in melody: an H215O PET study of brain activation during singing and speaking
Jeffries, K. J., Fritz, J. B., & Braun, A. (2003) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200304150-00018 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Auditory imagery from musical notation in expert musicians
Brodsky, W., Henik, A., Rubinstein, B.-S., & Zorman, M. (2003) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03194586 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“Moreover, EEG studies (Beisteiner, Altenmuller, Lang, Lindinger, & Decke, 1994), PET studies (Halpern & Zatorre, 1999; Zatorre & Halpern, 1993; Zatorre, Halpern, Perry, Meyer, & Evans, 1996 ), and event-related potential (ERP) studies (Janata, 2001a, 2001b) have shown that imaginal and perceptual processes for melodie…”
BackgroundIntensity coding of auditory stimuli: an fMRI study
Jäncke, L., Shah, N. J., Posse, S., Grosse-Ryuken, M., & Müller-Gärtner, H.-W. (1998) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(98)00019-0 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Scanning silence: Mental imagery of complex sounds
Bunzeck, N., Wüstenberg, T., Lutz, K., Heinze, H., & Jäncke, L. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.03.013 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Phantom perception: voluntary and involuntary nonretinal vision
Pearson, J., & Westbrook, F. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.03.004 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
ZATORRE, R. J. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1284.001 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The role of subvocalization in auditory imagery.
Smith, J. D., Wilson, M., & Reisberg, D. (1995) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(95)00074-d · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Kellenbach, M. L., Brett, M., & Patterson, K. E. (2001) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.1.3.207 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“These activations elicited by judgments of sound were somewhat more posterior (~1 cm) to the regions associated with the episodic recall of auditory information (Nyberg et al., 2000; Wheeler et al., 2000) or imagery for music (Halpern & Zatorre, 1999; Zatorre, Halpern, Perry, Meyer, & Evans, 1996 ), but an almost iden…”
BackgroundTian, X., & Poeppel, D. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00314 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“…imagery and the corresponding perceptual processes, such as in visual (e.g., Kosslyn et al., 1999; O’Craven and Kanwisher, 2000), auditory (e.g., Zatorre et al., 1996; Kraemer et al., 2005), somatosensory (e.g., Yoo et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2004), and olfactory domains (e.g., Bensafi et…”
BackgroundNeurological Aspects of Music Perception and Performance
Marin, O. S. M., & Perry, D. W. (1999) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012213564-4/50018-4 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationTrainor, L. J., McDonald, K. L., & Alain, C. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902317361949 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“…more studies implicate the right than the left hemisphere in musical processing, both hemispheres are clearly involved (e.g., Peretz & Herbert, 2000; Patel & Peretz, 1997; Zatorre, 1984; Zatorre et al., 1996), and musical input stimulates the perceptual, cognitive, memory , and emotional systems.”
BackgroundMental Reversal of Imagined Melodies: A Role for the Posterior Parietal Cortex
Zatorre, R. J., Halpern, A. R., & Bouffard, M. A. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21239 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationThe mental representation of music notation: Notational audiation.
Brodsky, W., Kessler, Y., Rubinstein, B.-S., Ginsborg, J., & Henik, A. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.34.2.427 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Cerebral Substrates of Musical Imagery
Halpern, A. R. (2001) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05733.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationCox, A. (2011) · Music Theory Online · doi:10.30535/mto.17.2.1 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“…of intra-modal MMI in the studies involving pianists, guitarists, violinists, and flutists, and there is good evidence of the same thing for mimetic subvocalization in song imagery (such as Zatorre et al. 1996, Halpern and Zatorre 1999, Gaab et al. 2003, Hickok et al. 2003, and Callan et al. 2006).”
BackgroundMental imagery of speech implicates two mechanisms of perceptual reactivation.
Tian, X., Zarate, J. M., & Poeppel, D. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.01.002 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“Page 22 of 29 auditory imagery studies (e.g. Bunzeck, Wuestenberg , Lutz, Heinze, & Jancke, 2005; Halpern & Zatorre, 1999; Herholz, Halpern, & Zatorre, 2012; S hergill et al., 2001; Zatorre et al., 1996).”
Brain networks underlying mental imagery of auditory and visual information
Zvyagintsev, M., Clemens, B., Chechko, N., Mathiak, K. A., Sack, A. T., & Mathiak, K. (2013) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12140 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“With regard to the role of SMA, previous studies suggested that it is involved in sub-vocalization and mental singing (Zatorre et al., 1996; Lotze et al., 2003; Kleber et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultBreitenstein, C., Lancker, D. V., Daum, I., & Waters, C. (2001) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1006/brcg.2000.1246 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Lateralization of music processing with noises in the auditory cortex: an fNIRS study
Santosa, H., Hong, M. J., & Hong, K. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00418 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“Prior research has shown that music perception and music imagination has similarities in brain activation and neural mechanism (Zatorre et al., 1996).”
BackgroundMcNorgan, C. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00285 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“, 2005) and others not (Zatorre and Halpern, 1996; Halpern and Zatorre, 1999; Vingerhoets et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMusical Abilities in Individuals with Williams Syndrome
Levitin, D. J., & Bellugi, U. (1998) · Music Perception An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.2307/40300863 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zatorre, R. J., Halpern, A. R., Perry, D. W., Meyer, E., & Evans, A. C.
- Affiliations
- McGill University (CA)
- Bucknell University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 1996-01-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29-46
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2118136160
- Semantic Scholar
- f29b04ee41f4233efa52f1b15848d758b3eec99d
- Cited by
- 439
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 7.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bucknell Digital Commons (Bucknell University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- musical imagery, auditory imagery, song perception, cerebral blood flow, secondary auditory cortex, supplementary motor area, thalamus
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