The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Justice without trial: Law enforcement in democratic society
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Assessing the impact of planned social change
Campbell, D. T. (1979) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(79)90048-x · Cited by 957
An Integration of Theories to Explain Judicial Discretion
Albonetti, C. A. (1991) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/800532 · Cited by 751
Neighborhood Context and Police Use of Force
Terrill, W., & Reisig, M. D. (2003) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427803253800 · Cited by 518
Black, D. J. (1970) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2093948 · Cited by 445
Organizational stressors and police performance
Shane, J. M. (2010) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.008 · Cited by 389
Metadata
- Venue
- Journal of Criminal Justice
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1975-06
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 167
- ISSN
- 0047-2352 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2032350976
- Cited by
- 998
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 186.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Justice without trial: Law enforcement in democratic society. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/0047-2352(75)90026-4
- The paper
- Justice without trial: Law enforcement in democratic society. (1975). Journal of Criminal Justice. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2352(75)90026-4
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
