Justice without trial: Law enforcement in democratic society

·1975·Journal of Criminal Justice

DOI 10.1016/0047-2352(75)90026-4

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/0047-2352(75)90026-4

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Assessing the impact of planned social change
Campbell, D. T. (1979) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(79)90048-x · Cited by 957
An Integration of Theories to Explain Judicial Discretion
Albonetti, C. A. (1991) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/800532 · Cited by 751
Neighborhood Context and Police Use of Force
Terrill, W., & Reisig, M. D. (2003) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427803253800 · Cited by 518
Production of Crime Rates
Black, D. J. (1970) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2093948 · Cited by 445
Organizational stressors and police performance
Shane, J. M. (2010) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.008 · Cited by 389
Police interviewing and interrogation: A self-report survey of police practices and beliefs.
Kassin, S. M., Leo, R. A., Meissner, C. A., Richman, K. D., Colwell, L. H., Leach, A.-M., & La Fon, D. (2007) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10979-006-9073-5 · Cited by 370
Compliance on Demand: The Public's Response to Specific Police Requests
MASTROFSKI, S. D., SNIPES, J. B., & SUPINA, A. E. (1996) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427896033003001 · Cited by 358
Crime, policing and social order: on the expressive nature of public confidence in policing
Jackson, J., & Bradford, B. (2009) · The British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2009.01253.x · Cited by 343
A field experiment on community policing and police legitimacy
Peyton, K., Sierra-Arévalo, M., & Rand, D. G. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1910157116 · Cited by 254
DRIVING WHILE BLACK: BIAS PROCESSES AND RACIAL DISPARITY IN POLICE STOPS*
WARREN, P., TOMASKOVIC‐DEVEY, D., SMITH, W., ZINGRAFF, M., & MASON, M. (2006) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00061.x · Cited by 244
Police Organization in the Twentieth Century
Reiss (1992) · Crime and Justice · doi:10.1086/449193 · Cited by 193
Black and blue: Exploring racial bias and law enforcement in the killings of unarmed black male civilians.
Hall, A. V., Hall, E. V., & Perry, J. L. (2016) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0040109 · Cited by 167
Procedural justice during police-citizen encounters: The effects of process-based policing on citizen compliance and demeanor
Dai, M., Frank, J., & Sun, I. (2011) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.01.004 · Cited by 161
Mirage of Police Reform: Procedural Justice and Police Legitimacy
University at Albany, S., Worden, R. E., McLean, S. J., & John F. Finn Institute for Public Safety, U. (2017) · Luminos · doi:10.1525/luminos.30 · Cited by 141
POLICE CULTURE AND OFFICER BEHAVIOR: APPLICATION OF A MULTILEVEL FRAMEWORK
INGRAM, J. R., TERRILL, W., & PAOLINE, E. A. (2018) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12192 · Cited by 133
Representative Bureaucracy and Attitudes Toward Automated Decision Making
Miller, S. M., & Keiser, L. R. (2021) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/muaa019 · Cited by 127
Towards a Sociological Theory of Discretion
CAMPBELL, E. (1999) · International Journal of the Sociology of Law · doi:10.1006/ijsl.1999.0082 · Cited by 70
Relationships and responses: Policing anti-social behaviour in rural Scotland
Wooff, A. (2015) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.11.003 · Cited by 49
Compliance, noncompliance, and the in-between: causal effects of civilian demeanor on police officers’ cognitions and emotions
Nix, J., Pickett, J. T., & Mitchell, R. J. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-019-09363-4 · Cited by 41
"We Would Never Write That Down": Classifications of Unemployed and Data Challenges for AI
Petersen, A. C. M., Christensen, L. R., Harper, R., & Hildebrandt, T. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3449176 · Cited by 37
Misdemeanor sentencing decisions: The cost of being native American
Muñoz, E., & McMorris, B. (2002) · The Justice Professional · doi:10.1080/08884310215664 · Cited by 22
Untitled work
(2017) · Cited by 14
Indigenous people policing indigenous people: the potential psychological and cultural costs
Gould, L. A. (2002) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1016/s0362-3319(02)00161-1 · Cited by 12
Untitled work
(2007) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 5
Elusive justice: tribal police officers’ perception of justice in an American Indian community
Alejandro Martín, F., & Danner, M. J. E. (2017) · Contemporary Justice Review · doi:10.1080/10282580.2017.1307108 · Cited by 4
Conceptualising Contestability: Perspectives on Contesting Algorithmic Decisions
Lyons, H., Velloso, E., & Miller, T. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3449180 · Cited by 4
To Protect and to Serve: Police, Power, and the Production of Inequality in the United States
Felker-Kantor, M. (2024) · Crime and Justice · doi:10.1086/732194 · Cited by 3
Untitled work
(2016) · Cited by 3

Venue: Journal of Criminal Justice
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1975-06
Volume: 3
Issue: 2
Pages: 167
ISSN: 0047-2352 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0047-2352(75)90026-4
OpenAlex: W2032350976
Cited by: 998
References: 0
FWCI: 186.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review