Cited by 330Neuroendocrine regulation and behaviorNeuropeptides and Animal PhysiologyAttachment and Relationship Dynamics

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Effects of morphine and naloxone on separation distress and approach attachment: Evidence for opiate mediation of social affect

Herman, Barbara H., Panksepp, Jaak·1978·Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

DOI 10.1016/0091-3057(78)90167-3

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Abstract

In order to determine the relationship between endorphins and social attachment, the effects of morphine (an opiate agonist) and naloxone (an opiate antagonist) on various indices of attachment in guinea pigs were studied. In infants, crying or separation-induced distress vocalizations were significantly decreased by single injections of low morphine doses (0.25, .050 and 0.75 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner. Naloxone (1mg/kg1 reliably increased separation distress vocalizations in both juvenile and adult guinea pigs. Therefore, similar to opiate withdrawal symptoms, separation distress appeared to be alleviated by morphine and potentiated by naloxone. As for approach attachment, offspring/maternal proximity-maintenance time was significantly decreased by morphine (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg), suggesting that opiates may be capable of replacing a function normally subserved by endorphins in reinforcing attachments. These data support the hypothesis that an endorphin-based addiction-like process may underlie the maintenance of social attachments, and that separation distress may reflect a state of endogenous "endorphin withdrawal".

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Karos, K. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78340-6_9 · Cited by 2
Naloxone reduces abdominal muscle tone in mice and rats
Duka, T., Bonetti, E. P., Bondiolotti, G., & Wüster, M. (1981) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01985692 · Cited by 2
Naltrexone: No effect on simian social and motor behavior
Crowley, T. J., Macdonald, M. J., & Zerbe, G. O. (1985) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00431818 · Cited by 2
Commentary on Douglas Watt's “The separation distress hypothesis of depression - update and systematic review” with some additional thoughts on rumination and object loss
Blinder, B. J. (2023) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.2023.2264302 · Cited by 2
The Functional Neuroanatomy and Psychopharmacology of Predatory and Defensive Aggression
Peterson, J. B., & Shane, M. S. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781351322560-5 · Cited by 1
An examination of the interaction between the interoceptive and reinforcing properties of morphine: a self-administration study in male and female rats
Andrade, A. K., Renda, B., Stone, A. P., Sharivker, M., Karlovcec, J. M., Azali, R. E., Leri, F., Barrett, S. T., & Murray, J. E. (2026) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-07000-9 · Cited by 1
An Examination of the Motivational Phase of the IMV Model Among Emerging Adults in Türkiye: The Roles of Self-Critical Rumination and Social Ostracism
Sizor, M., & Mercan, Ç. S. (2026) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2026.2621303 · Cited by 1
Dependência emocional e consumo de substâncias psicoactivas: Um estudo correlacional a partir da teoria dos grupos de pressuposto básico de W. R. Bion
Torres, N., Chagas, T. D. N. D. C. E., & Ribeiro, J. P. (2008) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 1
A QUÍMICA DA DEPENDÊNCIA E AS DEPENDÊNCIAS-TÓXICAS. PARA UM MODELO BIO-PSICO-SOCIAL
Torres, N. M. (2003) · Cited by 1
The Physiology of Social Pain
Vangelisti, A. L., & Brody, N. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190679446.013.5 · Cited by 2

Authors: Herman, B. H., & Panksepp, J.
Affiliations: Bowling Green State University (US)
Venue: Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1978-08
Volume: 9
Issue: 2
Pages: 213-220
ISSN: 0091-3057 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(78)90167-3
OpenAlex: W1970344711
Cited by: 330
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 17.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Keywords: morphine, naloxone, separation distress, social attachment, endorphins, opioid withdrawal, guinea pig, infant crying, social affect
MeSH terms: Aged, Animals, Drug Interactions, Emotions, Female, Guinea Pigs, Humans, Male, Morphine, Naloxone, Social Behavior, Vocalization, Animal

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Effects of morphine and naloxone on separation distress and approach attachment: Evidence for opiate mediation of social affect

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