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Effects of morphine and naloxone on separation distress and approach attachment: Evidence for opiate mediation of social affect
Abstract
In order to determine the relationship between endorphins and social attachment, the effects of morphine (an opiate agonist) and naloxone (an opiate antagonist) on various indices of attachment in guinea pigs were studied. In infants, crying or separation-induced distress vocalizations were significantly decreased by single injections of low morphine doses (0.25, .050 and 0.75 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner. Naloxone (1mg/kg1 reliably increased separation distress vocalizations in both juvenile and adult guinea pigs. Therefore, similar to opiate withdrawal symptoms, separation distress appeared to be alleviated by morphine and potentiated by naloxone. As for approach attachment, offspring/maternal proximity-maintenance time was significantly decreased by morphine (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg), suggesting that opiates may be capable of replacing a function normally subserved by endorphins in reinforcing attachments. These data support the hypothesis that an endorphin-based addiction-like process may underlie the maintenance of social attachments, and that separation distress may reflect a state of endogenous "endorphin withdrawal".
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“Low-dose morphine also reduces social contact in guinea pigs and rats (Herman and Panksepp 1978; Panksepp et al 1979).”
From The behavioral, anatomical and pharmacological parallels between social attachment, love and addiction (2012) · cites this paper as Herman and Panksepp 1978
In the citing paper
“These and other observations led to the opioid hypothesis of social attachment, which posits that opioid receptors mediate both social reward and social motivation (Herman and Panksepp 1978).”
From The behavioral, anatomical and pharmacological parallels between social attachment, love and addiction (2012) · cites this paper as Herman and Panksepp 1978
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Metadata
- Authors
- Herman, B. H., & Panksepp, J.
- Affiliations
- Bowling Green State University (US)
- Venue
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1978-08
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 213-220
- ISSN
- 0091-3057 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1970344711
- Cited by
- 330
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 17.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- morphine, naloxone, separation distress, social attachment, endorphins, opioid withdrawal, guinea pig, infant crying, social affect
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Animals, Drug Interactions, Emotions, Female, Guinea Pigs, Humans, Male, Morphine, Naloxone, Social Behavior, Vocalization, Animal
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