The neurobiology of attachment
Abstract
It is difficult to think of any behavioural process that is more intrinsically important to us than attachment. Feeding, sleeping and locomotion are all necessary for survival, but humans are, as Baruch Spinoza famously noted, "a social animal" and it is our social attachments that we live for. Over the past decade, studies in a range of vertebrates, including humans, have begun to address the neural basis of attachment at a molecular, cellular and systems level. This review describes some of the important insights from this work.
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Attachment hyperactivation and deactivation strategies have been shown to inhibit other behavioral systems involved in resilience, such as exploration, affiliation, and caregiving, which might partially explain difficulties entering lasting relationships and intergenerational transmission of psychopathology.
“Moreover, they have also been shown to inhibit other behavioral systems that are involved in resilience, such as exploration, affiliation, and caregiving (Insel & Young, 2001; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007; Neumann, 2008), which might also partially explain these individuals' difficulties in entering lasting relationships (including relationships with mental health care professionals) and the”
From A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder (2009) · cites this paper as Insel & Young, 2001
Oxytocin and vasopressin inhibit aversion of female and male rodents to infant pups and lead to affiliative behaviors including caregiving.
“For instance, oxytocin and vasopressin have been shown to inhibit aversion of both female and male rodents to infant pups, as well as leading to a number of affiliative behaviors, including caregiving behavior (Insel & Young, 2001).”
From A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder (2009) · cites this paper as Insel & Young, 2001
Experiments in prairie voles reveal central roles for oxytocin in modulating emotional and social behaviors.
“Experiments in prairie voles have revealed central roles for oxytocin in modulating a variety of emotional and social behaviors [164–166].”
From Consensus Paper: Pathological Role of the Cerebellum in Autism (2012) · cites this paper as [165]
Research has repeatedly implicated OT as one of the key hormones involved in parent-infant bonding in mammals, as well as in a range of social and affiliative behaviors.
“Research has repeatedly implicated the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) as one of the key hormones involved in parent-infant bonding in mammals, as well as in a range of social and affiliative behaviors (3–7).”
From Oxytocin and the development of parenting in humans (2010) · cites this paper as [7]
Healthy maternal sensitivity is characterized by the ability to reliably recognize and respond to infant cues, thus initiating appropriate caregiving responses.
“Healthy maternal sensitivity is characterized by the ability to reliably recognize and respond to infant cues, thus initiating appropriate caregiving responses”
From Neuromodulation of maternal circuits by oxytocin (2019) · cites this paper as Insel and Young, 2001
Oxytocin is responsible for various prosocial functions in mammals such as parental care, pair bonding and empathy.
“Oxytocin is responsible for various prosocial functions in mammals such as parental care, pair bonding and empathy”
From Neuromodulation of maternal circuits by oxytocin (2019) · cites this paper as Insel and Young, 2001
Oxytocin mediates a broad spectrum of prosocial behaviors such as empathy, pair bonding, mating and social reward.
“Oxytocin mediates a broad spectrum of prosocial behaviors such as empathy, pair bonding, mating and social reward (Dölen et al., 2013; L. W. Hung et al., 2017; Insel and Young, 2001; Nakajima et al., 2014; Rogers-Carter et al., 2018).”
From Neuromodulation of maternal circuits by oxytocin (2019) · cites this paper as Insel and Young, 2001
Oxytocin acts in the brain to increase the salience of social information and enable alloparenting in mice.
“Oxytocin also acts in the brain to increase the salience of social information and enable alloparenting in mice1,9,12–14.”
From Oxytocin neurons enable social transmission of maternal behaviour (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
Oxytocin, released by the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), is a critical maternal hormone.
“Oxytocin1,2,9–15, which is released by the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), is a critical maternal hormone.”
From Oxytocin neurons enable social transmission of maternal behaviour (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
In primates, including humans, non-biological parents can learn to care for children after instruction or observation of experienced caretakers and infants.
“In primates, including humans, non-biological parents can learn to care for children after instruction or observation of experienced caretakers and infants1–8.”
From Oxytocin neurons enable social transmission of maternal behaviour (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
Prairie voles are the primary animal model for studying the formation of pair bonds.
“These rodents have served as the primary animal model for studying the formation of pair bonds (Insel and Young, 2001).”
From Oxytocin, motivation and the role of dopamine (2014) · cites this paper as Insel and Young, 2001
Prairie voles have been shown to form pair bonds.
“One other mammalian species that has been shown to form pair bonds are prairie voles (Insel and Young, 2001).”
From Oxytocin, motivation and the role of dopamine (2014) · cites this paper as Insel and Young, 2001
Oxytocin neurons in the PVH regulate a range of social behaviors, from parental care to social recognition of conspecifics.
“which are known to regulate a range of social behaviors, from parental care to social recognition of conspecifics (13-18).”
From Social Interaction Elicits Activity in Glutamatergic Neurons in the Posterior Intralaminar Complex of the Thalamus (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
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- Authors
- Insel, T. R., & Young, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Insel, Thomas R.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-136
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- OpenAlex
- W2165266294
- Cited by
- 1,173
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 5.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- attachment, neurobiology of attachment, social attachment, social behavior, cellular and molecular mechanisms, neural systems
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Female, Humans, Learning, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Object Attachment, Oxytocin, Smell
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